tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-79642020161532413052024-03-12T17:06:41.238-07:00POLLUte cauTIONAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7964202016153241305.post-82093074818660369912014-10-24T06:00:00.000-07:002014-10-24T06:00:01.233-07:00You can’t sense it…<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This is the pollution that you can't feel by using any
of the five senses. If you are overexposed to it, it might work as a timed bomb
in your body and you might not know when the detonation is occurring. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yes, it is
radioactivity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">What
is radioactive material and radioactive decay?<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG">All materials are made of atoms.
Radioactive atoms are unstable (have too much energy). Radioactive decay is the
release of extra energy by radioactive atoms. The energy is called ionizing
radiation may take the form of alpha particles (</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">a</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-SG">, beta
particles (</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">b</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-SG">, or gamma rays (</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-SG">. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135826"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Fen14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Fentiman, Leet, &
Meredith)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Electromagnetic Spectrum Illustration. See text below." src="http://www.epa.gov/radiation/images/spectrum_left.gif" /><img src="http://www.epa.gov/radiation/images/spectrum_right.jpg" /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">1</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Types of Radiation in the Electromagnetic Spectrum</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135827"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Ion13 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Ionizing & Non-Ionizing
Radiation, 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Non-ionizing radiations:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">electromagnetic waves of longer
wavelength</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">energies enough to excite the
atoms and molecules of the medium through which they are moving, causing them
to vibrate faster</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ionizing radiations:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">electromagnetic radiations of short
wavelength (high energy)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">energetic
rays like (</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">a</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">,
</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">b</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> and </span><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">g</span><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> etc.) produced in radiocative decay
can cause ionization of atoms and molecules of the medium through which they
pass and convert them into charged ions</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After releasing all the excess energy, the
atoms become stable and are no longer radioactive. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135828"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Fen14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Fentiman, Leet, &
Meredith)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Radioactive Pollution<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Living organisms
are continuously exposed to a variety of radiations called background
radiations.If the level of the radioactive radiations increases above a certain
limit it causes harmful effects to living beings. This harmful level of radiations
emitted by radioactive elements is called radioactive pollution. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135829"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION RAD14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Anthropogenic
Sources of Radiation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Diagnostic medical applications: e.g. X-rays
are used in general radiology and CT scan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nuclear Tests: nuclear explosion detonated
for either military or peaceful purposes (carried out for non-military purpose,
such as the construction of harbours and canals)<w:sdt citation="t" id="22135831"> <span lang="EN-US">(WORLD OVERVIEW)</span></w:sdt></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nuclear Reactors: Radiations may leak from
nuclear reactors and other nuclear facilities even when they are operating
normally. It is often feared that even withthe best design, proper handling and
techniques; some radioactivity is routinely released into the air and water. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135832"><span lang="EN-US">(RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION)</span></w:sdt></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><w:sdt citation="t" id="22135831"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><w:sdt citation="t" id="22135832"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Route
of exposure to radiation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNzne29CC_P8PGi6VaKy8AKKenlCF3kpqbHO9Mc8wF3qMXe8w8ejvD_BZLqkGeCdPZpbUPUa13U_wqwi_5ghddWXTOEjnc4QLXe1WVszs1zG7FbtP3kYT5Kikhxc0686B4bnxxIz7_aict/s1600/Exposure+route.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNzne29CC_P8PGi6VaKy8AKKenlCF3kpqbHO9Mc8wF3qMXe8w8ejvD_BZLqkGeCdPZpbUPUa13U_wqwi_5ghddWXTOEjnc4QLXe1WVszs1zG7FbtP3kYT5Kikhxc0686B4bnxxIz7_aict/s1600/Exposure+route.PNG" height="539" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">2</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Environmental fate and human exposure of radiation</span><span lang="EN-SG"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source:
<w:sdt citation="t" id="22135833"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Int91 \l 1033<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(International
Advisory Committee, 1991)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span><br />
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The environmental fate of radioactive
material is quite similar to POPs as mentioned in the previous blog post,
except that radioactive material emits energy. Radioactive material is suspended
in air at a height of 6 to 7 km above the earth’s surface and is dispersed over
long distances by winds from the test site. These radionuclides often settle
down by rain and get mixed with soil and water. From there they can easily
enter the food chain and finally get deposited in the human body where they
cause serious health hazards. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135834"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION RAD14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">What
happens to radiation produced? <o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nuclear waste is categorized into different
level:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Types of nuclear waste<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 303.7pt;" valign="top" width="405"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 44.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 44.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Low level waste (LLW)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 44.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 303.7pt;" valign="top" width="405"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Contain small amounts of mostly
short-lived radioactivity</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Sources: hospitals, industry,
nuclear fuel cycle</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Examples: contaminated clothing such as protective shoe covers,
paper and plastics</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Intermediate level waste (ILW)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 303.7pt;" valign="top" width="405"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">contains higher amounts of
radioactivity</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">reactor water treatment residues and filters used for
purifying a reactor’s cooling water</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">High level waste (HLW)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 303.7pt;" valign="top" width="405"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">highly radioactive and hot</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">two distinct kinds of HLW:</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o </span><span lang="EN-SG">spent fuel from reactors</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-SG" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Separated waste from reprocessing
the used fuel</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG">Table </span><span lang="EN-SG">1</span><span lang="EN-SG"> Different types of nuclear waste</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135835"><span lang="EN-US">(Getting to the Core of Radioactive Waste)</span></w:sdt>, <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135836"><span lang="EN-US">(Radioactive Waste Management, 2014)</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Different countries might have different practices and regulations for the storage and disposal of different levels of nuclear waste. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Generally, low level radioactive gases and
liquids are release into the environment under controlled, monitored conditions
to ensure that they pose no danger to the public or the environment. This is
due to the fact that these releases dissipate into the atmosphere or a large
water source and, therefore, are diluted to the point where it becomes
difficult to measure any radioactivity. By contrast, most of an operating
nuclear power plant's direct radiation is blocked by the plant's steel and
concrete structures. The remainder dissipates in an area of controlled,
uninhabited space around the plant, ensuring that it does not affect any member
of the public. </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="22135837" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-US">(Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQ) About Radiation Protection, 2012)</span></w:sdt><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><w:sdt citation="t" id="22135837"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Practices to handle LLW/ ILW:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">stored on-site by
licensees, either until it has decayed away and can be disposed of as ordinary
trash, or until amounts are large enough for shipment to a low-level waste
disposal site <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135838"><span lang="EN-US">(Backgrounder on Radioactive
Waste, 2014)</span></w:sdt></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">transported to a
central treatment facility</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">burnable waste is
incinerated at a central site <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135840"><span lang="EN-US">(Management of Low
and Intermediate-level Radioactive Waste (The), 1989)</span></w:sdt></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">disposed of
closer to the surface, in many established repositories. Low-level waste disposal sites are purpose
built, but are not much different from normal municipal waste sites <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135841"><span lang="EN-US">(What are nuclear
wastes and how are they managed?)</span></w:sdt></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Low and Intermediate waste store" src="http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedImages/org/Nuclear_Basics/low%20and%20intermediate%20waste%20repository.jpg" /></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">3</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Low-level and Intermediary-level waste (LLW/ILW) repository</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source:
<w:sdt citation="t" id="22135842"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>CITATION Wha14 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(What are nuclear
wastes and how are they managed?)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Practices to handle HLW:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Used fuel will still contain some of the
original U-235 as well as various plutonium isotopes. Countries such as Europe
and Russia separate uranium and plutonium from the wastes so that they can be
recycled for re-use in a nuclear reactor.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Storage ponds at reactors which are often designed
to hold all the used fuel for the life of the reactor</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Future possibility: 'multiple barrier'
geological disposal is planned to ensure that no significant environmental
releases occur over tens of thousands of years (disposal). Waste will be
immobilized waste in an insoluble matrix, seal it inside a corrosion-resistant
container and locate it deep underground in a stable rock structure. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135843"><span lang="EN-US">(Radioactive Waste
Management, 2014)</span></w:sdt></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="THORP Fuel Storage" src="http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedImages/org/info/Nuclear_Fuel_Cycle/Nuclear_Wastes/Thorpstorage.jpg" /></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">4</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Storage pond for used fuel</span></span></div>
<div>
<span lang="EN-SG" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135844"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>CITATION Rad14 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Radioactive Waste
Management, 2014)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Controversies
of discharging radioactive material into the environment<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the late 1940s,
the nuclear industry had chosen the open ocean as a convenient place to dispose
of its inconvenient wastes. In 1972, a global treatry called the London Dumping
Convention had banned the dumping of high-level radioactive wastes. However, it
was not effective due to the classification of radioactive wastes as high,
medium, or low-level by International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was for handling purposes (for the protection of
workers) and had little to do with the radio-toxicity and the isotopic
composition of radioactive wastes. Low-level radioactive wastes, could also be
found extremely radio-toxic and persistent isotopes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1980s, nuclear
industry recognized that radioactive waste dumping on the seabed was banned, so
they claimed that dumping under the seabed was not banned. Nuclear industry
from various countries equipped with drilling gear and/or suppository-shaped
free-fall penetrators (containers which would penetrate the seabed like armour
piercing bullets) ships from these countries would shoot the high-level wastes
under the seabed. This was more serious than dumping on the seabed because it
was impossible to monitor. In the event of leakage, the radioactive wastes
would be irretrievable.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In November of
1993, the Contracting Parties to the London Convention (later of London Dumping
Convention) adopted amendments banning the dumping of radioactive wastes based
on the fact of “the diffusibility of the waste radionuclides in sea water which
could result in transboundary transfer of these radioactive materials” as well
as the “comparative difficulty of monitoring radioactive waste packages dumped
at sea”. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135845"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>CITATION Par99 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Parmentier, 1999)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1996, the 1996
Protocol eventually replace the London Convention entered into forced in 2006),
represented a major change of approach to question how to use the sea as a
depository of waste material. It restricts all dumping except some permitted
substances. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135846"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>CITATION Con14 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Convention on the Prevention of
Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other )</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The permitted
substances containing levels of radioactivity greater than <i>de minimis</i> (exempt) concentrations as defined by the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and adopted by Contracting Parties, shall not be
considered eligible for dumping. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135847"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>CITATION 19906 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(1996 PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON
THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING OF WASTES AND OTHER MATTER, 1972
, 2006)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This means that
LLW or ILW might be eligible to dump into the sea provided that it is lower
than the concentration defined by IAEA. This is the reason for many countries
to discharge their LLW intot the ocean.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">However, it seems
that there might be some loopholes in the 1996 Protocol. For example, thousands
of tons of radioactively contaminated water from the damaged Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear power plant were pouring directly into the ocean. On April 4, 2011,
some three weeks after the initial disaster, the Tokyo Electric Power Co.
(TEPCO), with the Japanese government’s consent, decided to release 10,000 tons
of “low-level radioactive water” to make room in its storage facilities for the
huge volume of more highly contaminated water that had been used for emergency
cooling of the damaged Dai-ichi reactors. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135825"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Pac13 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Pacchioli, 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Japan utilizes the loophole that 1996 Protocol
prohibits ocean dumping of radioactive material, limits these restrictions to
vessels at sea. One of the definition of “dumping” in 1996 Protocol is “any
deliberate disposal into the sea of wastes or other matter from vessels,
aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea”. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135848"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>CITATION 19906 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(1996 PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON THE
PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING OF WASTES AND OTHER MATTER, 1972 ,
2006)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Hence, release of
materials from land is not considered dumping.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Recently, even UN
nuclear watchdog had advised the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant to
consider dumping toxic water (controlled discharge) into the ocean after
lowering the level of radioactive materials to below the legal limit. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135849"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>CITATION IAE13 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(IAEA suggests Fukushima consider
‘controlled discharge’ of toxic water into ocean, 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Beside this legal
issue, the contamination might affect marine life and human. Although the ocean
has the capacity to dilute nuclear contamination, signs of spreading
radioactive material are being found off Japan, including the discovery of
elevated concentrations of radioactive cesium and iodine in small fish several
dozen miles south of Fukushima, and high levels of radioactivity in seawater 25
miles offshore.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Two events in the
early 1990s — a die-off of seals in the Barents Sea and White Sea from blood
cancer, and the deaths of millions of starfish, shellfish, seals and porpoises
in the White Sea — have been variously attributed by Russian scientists to
pollution or nuclear contamination. These suggested that these marine lives had
been expose to radioactive or other toxic substances. Hence, the dilution
capacity might not be totally safe. <w:sdt citation="t" id="22135850"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>CITATION Gro11 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Grossman, 2011)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Currently, the effect
on marine ecosystem is unclear since no records are yet available on the exact composition
of the radioactive refuse and no one knows for sure if containment vessels are
intact or leaking.<w:sdt citation="t" id="22135851"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>CITATION TED14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">(TED Case Studies Arctic Sea Dumping)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<w:sdt docparttype="Bibliographies" docpartunique="t" id="22135852" sdtdocpart="t">
<h1 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Works Cited</span><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"><i>1996 PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING OF WASTES AND OTHER MATTER,
1972 </i>. (2006). Retrieved October 24,
2014, from International Maritime Organization:
http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/LCLP/Documents/PROTOCOLAmended2006.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">Backgrounder
on Radioactive Waste.</span></i><span lang="EN-SG">
(2014, June 27). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from US Nuclear Regulatory
Commission:
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/radwaste.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">Convention
on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other </span></i><span lang="EN-SG">. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from
International Maritime Organization:
http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/LCLP/Pages/default.aspx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Fentiman,
A. W., Leet, T. A., & Meredith, J. E. (n.d.). <i>What Is Radioactive
Material and How Does It Decay?</i> Retrieved October 24, 2014, from Ohio State
University: http://ohioline.osu.edu/rer-fact/rer_20.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">Frequently
Asked Questions (FAQ) About Radiation Protection.</span></i><span lang="EN-SG"> (2012, December 11). Retrieved October 24, 2014,
from US Nuclear Regulatory Commission:
http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation/related-info/faq.html#9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">Getting
to the Core of Radioactive Waste.</span></i><span lang="EN-SG"> (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from International Atomic Energy
Agency:
http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NEFW/_nefw-documents/RadioactiveWaste.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Grossman,
E. (2011, April 7). <i>Radioactivity in the Ocean: Diluted, But Far from
Harmless</i>. Retrieved October 24, 2014, from Yale Environment 360:
http://e360.yale.edu/feature/radioactivity_in_the_ocean_diluted_but_far_from_harmless/2391/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">IAEA
suggests Fukushima consider ‘controlled discharge’ of toxic water into ocean</span></i><span lang="EN-SG">. (2013, December 4). Retrieved October
24, 2014, from RT NEWS: http://rt.com/news/iaea-fukushima-toxic-water-710/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG">International
Advisory Committee. (1991). <i>THE INTERNATIONAL CHERNOBYL PROJECT TECHNICAL
REPORT.</i> Retrieved October 24, 2014, from International Atomic Energy
Agency: http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub885e_web.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">Ionizing
& Non-Ionizing Radiation</span></i><span lang="EN-SG">. (2013, May 17). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from US Environmental
Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/ionize_nonionize.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">Management
of Low and Intermediate-level Radioactive Waste (The)</span></i><span lang="EN-SG">. (1989, August). Retrieved October 24,
2014, from Nuclear Energy Agency: http://www.oecd-nea.org/brief/brief-06.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Pacchioli,
D. (2013, May 6). <i>Seafood Safety and Policy</i>. Retrieved October 24,
2014, from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution:
http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/seafood-safety-and-policy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Parmentier,
R. (1999). <i>GREENPEACE AND THE DUMPING OF WASTES AT SEA: A CASE OF NON-STATE
ACTORS´ INTERVENTION IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS</i>. Retrieved October 24, 2014,
from GREENPEACE:
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/PageFiles/25797/odhistory.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">RADIOACTIVE
POLLUTION.</span></i><span lang="EN-SG"> (n.d.).
Retrieved October 24, 2014, from National Institute of Open Schooling:
http://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/313courseE/L36.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">Radioactive
Waste Management.</span></i><span lang="EN-SG"> (2014,
September). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from World Nuclear Association:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Nuclear-Wastes/Radioactive-Waste-Management/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">TED Case
Studies Arctic Sea Dumping</span></i><span lang="EN-SG">. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from American University:
http://www1.american.edu/ted/arctic.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">What are
nuclear wastes and how are they managed?</span></i><span lang="EN-SG"> (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from World
Nuclear Association: http://www.world-nuclear.org/Nuclear-Basics/What-are-nuclear-wastes-/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-SG">WORLD
OVERVIEW.</span></i><span lang="EN-SG"> (n.d.).
Retrieved October 24, 2014, from Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Organization:
http://www.ctbto.org/nuclear-testing/history-of-nuclear-testing/world-overview/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</w:sdt><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t" id="22135843"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t" id="22135841"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-SG; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-SG" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><w:sdt citation="t" id="22135827"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></span></w:sdt></span></span></w:sdt></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7964202016153241305.post-63002790297176472352014-10-17T07:57:00.000-07:002014-10-17T08:08:32.234-07:00SOS, it's POPs!<div class="MsoNormal">
Remember we have talked about DDT in the previous post? We
are going to shift our focus to the “big family” of DDT which is the Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
POPs are resistant to chemical degradation, giving them long
half-lives in the environment. This long-lived organic contaminants biomagnify
in food chains and may ultimately cause toxic effects. Biomagnification refers
to chemical concentrations is higher in higher trophic level organisms and
exceed those concentrations in the organism’s prey.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is a review on a study investigated the extent to which
various organic chemicals biomagnify in lichen, caribou, wolf food chains of
Canada’s Arctic tundra region. <w:sdt citation="t" id="14064427"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION
KEL01 \l 2052 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(KELLY & GOBAS, 2001)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSVmngHQdjQrZmanVO5w_rUUDm2H2XXHmBLhOrQiezrS9nqp0Ed7gNk3RSA0UWBdR3lbTXng7RMetz4zn0DvRSZpM1FMafPN41E4CNbujXIxoixa21yb3Bi34JSeYK8nyViLTds9AH68lM/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSVmngHQdjQrZmanVO5w_rUUDm2H2XXHmBLhOrQiezrS9nqp0Ed7gNk3RSA0UWBdR3lbTXng7RMetz4zn0DvRSZpM1FMafPN41E4CNbujXIxoixa21yb3Bi34JSeYK8nyViLTds9AH68lM/s1600/Capture.PNG" height="387" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->1<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Illustration on the studied
food chain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chemical input to the tundra ecosystem is from atmospheric sources,
resulting in gaseous partitioning between air and lichens, particulate (dry)
deposition, and wet deposition (e.g., snow). Chemical uptake by lichens can
occur from air-lichen equilibrium partitioning when directly exposed to the air,
or from water-lichen exchange during exposure to melting snow. Following
chemical uptake in lichens, the transport of contaminants in the food chain is controlled
by biomagnification processes in caribou and wolves.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The reason to choose these species is because the food web
structure in the studied region is approximately linear (lichens <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> caribou <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> wolves). Lichens and
willow are the dominant food source to caribou and caribou is the dominant food
for wolves. Hence, it is more representative to investigate the ability of
contaminants to biomagnify in terrestrial food chains.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Concentrations of several hydrophobic organic contaminants
in lichens, caribou, and wolves were collected and. Concentrations were then
expressed in terms of fugacities and compared by applying the statistical
methods. Fugacity is most often regarded as the "escaping
tendency" of a chemical from a particular phase. <w:sdt citation="t" id="14064432">(Appendix P Earthworm Fugacity Estimation )</w:sdt>In this study,
fugacity is used to express the concentration of chemical.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhprPKgPZYaDcRBS-IOkzpiLlNmzfJPT3vtqAggPUB_vCKxKMWviNTYs4cwDseJzQLSZZyX46nPaCgzvSDqYZNQZqPKx2_2TjZfSyDZehrrzfWDnkQIJ5AI-RmGy0hwLKWPZXqG0VH8ri7t/s1600/9+PicMap.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhprPKgPZYaDcRBS-IOkzpiLlNmzfJPT3vtqAggPUB_vCKxKMWviNTYs4cwDseJzQLSZZyX46nPaCgzvSDqYZNQZqPKx2_2TjZfSyDZehrrzfWDnkQIJ5AI-RmGy0hwLKWPZXqG0VH8ri7t/s1600/9+PicMap.PNG" height="640" width="569" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Sampling Locations<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During the spring of 1997 (i.e., May-June), <i>Cl.rangiferina</i> and <i>Ct. nivalis</i> samples were collected east and west of Bathurst Inlet
along the <b>Huikitak</b> and <b>Hood Rivers</b>, respectively. During the
summer of 1998 (i.e., July), additional samples of <i>Cl. rangiferina</i> and <i>Ct.
nivalis</i> east and west of Bathurst Inlet were obtained near the communities
of <b>Omingmaktok</b> (east) and <b>Brown Sound</b> (west), while at <b>Cambridge Bay</b> only <i>Ct. nivalis</i> samples were collected.</div>
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjVHY8vC1c408oNuw_FEGqa7w9zgeyN3huaVoe1Mi6oYaiJWn2-zTrCpDrcD4kM78HwwSIONi2DMmOekWav0hjfwLxWHd9F3m_E8Q7AdRnHoRlv35SI7u77dDNtpWtWzsVxScpw2PwAU-u/s1600/9+Pic2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjVHY8vC1c408oNuw_FEGqa7w9zgeyN3huaVoe1Mi6oYaiJWn2-zTrCpDrcD4kM78HwwSIONi2DMmOekWav0hjfwLxWHd9F3m_E8Q7AdRnHoRlv35SI7u77dDNtpWtWzsVxScpw2PwAU-u/s1600/9+Pic2.PNG" height="516" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->3<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Fugacities of lichens and
willows</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 217;">Data are
presented on log scales. Error bars represent the standard deviation. ND
indicates nondetectable concentrations during chemical analysis. An asterisk
(*) indicates statistical significance difference (p < 0.05) between mean
chemical fugacities in lichens collected in spring (Huikitak and Hood River
samples) as compared to lichens collected nearby in summer (Omingmaktok, Brown
Sound, and mid-Bathurst samples). Two asterisks (**) indicate a statistically
significant difference (p < 0.05) between vegetation species at a given
sampling location.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>Bioaccumulation in Lichens<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The result showed that fugacities of organochlorines such as
α-HCH,
γ-HCH, and HCB were greater than fugacities of PCBs (congener 153) in
vegetation samples at all sampling locations. At some locations, samples of <i>Ct. nivalis</i>, <i>Cl. rangiferina</i>, and <i>S.
glauca</i> exhibited statistically different fugacities of α-HCH,
γ-HCH, HCB, and PCBs (e.g., Inuvik,
Brown Sound, and Cambridge Bay). There were no statistically significant
differences in fugacities of α-HCH, γ-HCH, HCB, and PCBs in lichens
and willow leaves collected during the summer. This indicates that the spatial
distribution of these contaminants is fairly homogeneous, possibly reflecting
atmospheric concentrations. The available data indicate that differences in
chemical concentrations among the various food items in the caribou diet are
small during summer months.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PCB congeners demonstrated comparable fugacity increases in
spring-collected lichens relative to lichens collected during summer. This
might be due to accumulation of these substances in spring meltwater and
subsequent uptake in lichens. Collection of lichen samples in the spring of
1997 occurred during the spring snowmelt period. Snowpacks contain contaminants
scavenged during the previous winter’s snowfall events. Snow sublimation tends
to “concentrate” these contaminants in the snowpack; especially for low
volatile PCBs evaporate very slowly while the more volatile HCHs and HCB
evaporate more rapidly, reducing their degree of snowpack accumulation. During
snowmelt events, when snow turns into meltwater, a significant drop in the
fugacity capacity may further elevate the fugacity in meltwater over that in
the snowpack. </div>
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFv-3FscXi910TP_pKrIBYs0qgF9uqVy965QsXY5DIzyzrhaJMmI8MKJRpARTGQOsjnUX1M6LRyhxGd3TyjSkosKyIESSHCQiOS5NxW9KsvfK6jX19MOJ0wSTf9MgcVlIm9lSwoX-Hm5Jj/s1600/9+PicFoodWeb.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFv-3FscXi910TP_pKrIBYs0qgF9uqVy965QsXY5DIzyzrhaJMmI8MKJRpARTGQOsjnUX1M6LRyhxGd3TyjSkosKyIESSHCQiOS5NxW9KsvfK6jX19MOJ0wSTf9MgcVlIm9lSwoX-Hm5Jj/s1600/9+PicFoodWeb.PNG" height="482" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->4<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Fugacities (nPa) of
individual compounds from various classes of POPs in food chains</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 217;">Data are
presented on log scales, where bars represent the chemical fugacities in lichens
Cl. Rangiferina and Ct. nivalis in summer, caribou during fall (males and
females), and wolves during fall (males and females). The left-hand scale is
for HCHs and chlorobenzenes (CBz). The right-hand scale is for DDTs, PCBs, and
chlordanes. Error bars represent the standard deviation. ND indicates
nondetectable concentrations during chemical analysis. An asterisk (*) refers
to statistically significant biomagnifications for the lichen-caribou trophic
transfer (i.e., f<sub>CARIBOU</sub> > f<sub>LICHEN</sub>), while two
asterisks (**) represent statistically significant biomagnifications for the
caribou-wolf transfer (i.e., f<sub>WOLF</sub> > f<sub>CARIBOU</sub>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>Bioaccumulation in Barren-Ground Caribou:<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Predominant compounds detected in caribou tissue samples were
α-HCH,
β-HCH,
1,2,4,5-TCB, HCB, oxychlordane, p,p’-DDE, and PCB congeners 118, 138, 153, and
180. The fugacities of chlorobenzenes (1,2,4,5-TCB and HCB) and HCHs (α
and β
isomers) were greater than those of PCB congeners and organochlorine
pesticides. Fat concentration data were used to represent the fugacities in
caribou for the biomagnification analysis because higher chemical
concentrations in fat tissue was tested, which imply smaller analytical error
than liver and muscle tissues.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The fugacities of HCHs, DDTs, chlordanes, chlorobenzenes,
and PCBs in the tissues of male caribou from Bathurst Inlet were significantly greater
in the summer than in the fall. The observed drop in chemical fugacities between
the summer and the fall can be explained by increased lipid production and growth.
In the Arctic, caribou gain substantial deposits of fat and protein over the
short summer period to utilize energy during the winter, resulting in greater
body weights in the fall as compared to early summer. This tends to “dilute” the
chemical concentration in the fat. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>Bioaccumulation in Wolves<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
α-HCH, β-HCH, 1,2,4,5-TCB, HCB, oxychlordane,
and PCB congeners 153, 138, and 180 were the predominant compounds observed in
wolf tissues.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>Biomagnification of POPs in Lichen-Caribou-Wolf Food
Chains:<o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">β</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-HCH appears to biomagnify in the food
chain as indicated by an increase in fugacity with each trophic level. The
fugacities of </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">β</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-HCH in wolves were significantly greater than those in
caribou at all three locations.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">No substantial biomagnifcation or trophic
dilution of </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">α</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-HCH
was observed. </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">α</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-HCH fugacities were not statistically different between
lichens, caribou, and wolves.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">The fugacity of γ-HCH is shown to decrease with
increasing trophic level, indicating trophic dilution, probably due to
metabolic transformation.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Both caribou and wolves can efficiently
eliminate γ-HCHand to a smaller extent </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">β</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-HCH but not </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">α</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">-HCH.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chlorobenzenes</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">No biomagnification of HCB was observed in
Cambridge Bay male wolves.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">1,2,4,5-TCB biomagnified in wolves from Bathurst
Inlet and Inuvik but not in wolves from Cambridge Bay</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Food chain bioaccumulation of 1,2,4,5-TCB was only
observed at Bathurst Inlet due to nondetectable levels of this compound in
either lichens or caribou samples from Cambridge Bay and Inuvik.</span></li>
</ul>
PCBs<br /><ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">fugacities of PCB 153 and 180 increase
significantly with increasing trophic level</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">fugacities of PCB 52 were not statistically different
between trophic levels, suggesting that relative to PCB 153 and 180, PCB 52 is
eliminated and/or metabolized efficiently in both caribou and wolves</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chlordanes</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Technical grade chlordane, a pesticide mixture
consists mainly of chlordane (cis and trans), heptachlor, and nonachlor (cis
and trans) compounds.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Oxychlordane is the predominant metabolite of
chlordane and nonachlor compounds. Hence, extensive biomagnification of
oxychlordane in relation to chlordane and nonachlor components indicates
metabolic transformation of technical chlordane.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Oxychlordane biomagnified in the caribou wolf
trophic transfer at all three locations while transnonachlor only biomagnified
in Bathurst wolves.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
DDTs</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">the fugacity p,p’-DDT (DDT related compound) in
caribou was significantly lower than that in lichens, indicating the ability of
caribou to metabolize p,p’-DDT</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">the fugacity of p,p’-DDE (DDT related compound)
is shown to increase from lichen to caribou at Bathurst Inlet</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">data suggest that caribou may have the ability
to metabolize or eliminate p,p’-DDT but not the persistent metabolite p,p’-DDE</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Neither p,p’-DDT nor p,p’-DDE biomagnify in wolves,
indicating these animals can metabolize both p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The two important parameters affecting POPs biomagnifications
are gastrointestinal absorption efficiencies and lipid-to-air elimination rates
in the animals, which are strongly dependent on the chemical’s K<sub>OW</sub>
and K<sub>OA</sub>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (K</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.25in;">OW</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">)
- A coefficient representing the ratio of the solubility of a compound in
octanol (a non-polar solvent) to its solubility in water (a polar solvent). The
higher to K</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.25in;">OW</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">, the more non-polar the compound. </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="14064430" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">(Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (KOW), 2014)</w:sdt></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Octanol-air partition coefficient (K</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.25in;">OA</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">)
- The "octanol-air" partition coefficient (K</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.25in;">OA</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">) characterizes
POP partitioning between air and organic films. </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="14064428" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">(Erdman, Gusev, & Pavlova, 1999)</w:sdt></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<w:sdt citation="t" id="14064428"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hydrophobic organic chemicals with high K<sub>OW</sub> can
relatively easily pass through biological membranes via passive diffusion. When
absorbed, organic chemicals are quickly distributed within the organisms and
partition predominantly in the lipids. <w:sdt citation="t" id="14064429"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION
CHA14 \l 2052 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(CHAPTER 4 TOXICITY ASSESSMENT)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The significance of a high K<sub>OA</sub> for terrestrial
biomagnification is that lipid-to-air elimination (through exhalation) is low,
causing, in absence of metabolic transformation, a very low depuration rate to counteract
uptake from the gastrointestinal tract, hence resulting in high tissue
concentrations.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Different animal classes (e.g., herbivores and carnivores)
are expected to exhibit differences in these two parameters due to their distinct
taxonomic and physiological characteristics. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
BMFs for individual animals can differ substantially with
differences in gender, age, season, and dietary preference. Biomagnification factors
(BMFs) is calculated as fB/fD, where fB is the fugacity in the higher level
organism (e.g. wolves) and fD is the fugacity in the diet of the organism (e.g.
caribou).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p>Note: All the information and figures in this post is extracted the journal <span style="font-family: inherit;">"</span></o:p><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bioaccumulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in
Lichen-Caribou-Wolf Food Chains of Canada’s Central and Western Arctic", unless they are cited with other resources.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Works
Cited</span><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><i>Appendix P Earthworm Fugacity Estimation .</i> (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2014, from US
Environmental Proection Agency:
http://www.epa.gov/espp/litstatus/effects/redleg-frog/trifluralin/appendix-p.pdf<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i>CHAPTER 4 TOXICITY
ASSESSMENT.</i> (n.d.). Retrieved
October 17, 2014, from US Environmental Protection Agency:
http://www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/ragse/pdf/chapter4.pdf<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
Erdman, L., Gusev, A.,
& Pavlova, N. (1999, April). <i>ATMOSPHERIC INPUT OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS TO THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.</i> Retrieved October 17, 2014, from
Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - East:
http://www.msceast.org/reports/mediterranean.pdf<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
KELLY, B. C., &
GOBAS, F. A. (2001). Bioaccumulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in
Lichen-Caribou-Wolf Food Chains of Canada’s Central and Western Arctic. <i>ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY</i> , 325-334.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<w:sdt docparttype="Bibliographies" docpartunique="t" id="14064431" sdtdocpart="t">
<!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Octanol-Water
Partition Coefficient (KOW)</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (2014,
June 2). Retrieved October 17, 2014, from U.S. Geological Survey:
http://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/kow.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7964202016153241305.post-40536836349678922572014-10-10T08:16:00.000-07:002014-10-10T08:16:17.472-07:00From Nobel Prize to Banned Chemical<div class="MsoNormal">
Starting in the 1940's, the chlorinated hydrocarbon named DDT
(dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) was used in vast quantities all over the
world for killing insects. It was cheaper and much more effective than other
insecticides and kills nearly all insects. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690031"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Bry02 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Bryant, 2002)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><img alt="DDT spray on beach" src="http://www.panna.org/sites/default/files/user1/ddt-spray-beach.jpg" /></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->1<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Spraying of DDT</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690033"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION The141 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(The DDT Story)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></w:sdt></div>
DDT was then brought to the notice of British and American
medical entomologists at a time, during World War II, when supplies of
pyrethrum were rapidly falling short of demand. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690034">(Nobel Media AB, 2014) </w:sdt>Pyrethrum affects the central nervous systems of all types
of flying and crawling insects, disrupting normal function, so that nervous
impulses fail. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690035">(Pyrethrum the natural insecticide, 2010)</w:sdt><div>
<br /><div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img height="265" src="http://www.vegetablegardener.com/assets/uploads/posts/5456/kg29-chrysanthemum-cinerariaefolium.jpg" width="400" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Phyrethrum</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690032"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Pei08 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Peirce, 2008)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
Then, DDT was widely used during the Second World War to
protect the troops and civilians from the spread of malaria, typhus and other
vector borne diseases. After the war, DDT was continued to be used on a variety
of agricultural crops and for the control of disease vectors as well. <w:sdt citation="t" id="20349925"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION 6SU14 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(6. SUBSTANCE PROFILES FOR THE PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS) </w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
DDT saved millions of lives by killing the mosquitoes that
spread malaria and saved millions from starvation by killing crop pests. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690036">(Bryant, 2002)</w:sdt> Paul Hermann Müller won
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948 "for his discovery of the
high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods.". <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690046">(Nobel Media AB, Paul Müller - Facts, 2014)</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t"></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
The heavy use of this highly persistent chemical, however,
led to widespread environmental contamination and the accumulation of DDT in
humans and wildlife - a phenomenon brought to public attention by Rachel Carson
in her 1962 book, Silent Spring. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690040"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Per14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Global Issue, A Global Response, 2014)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><img alt="Michael_5" src="http://projectonepercent.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Michael_5.jpg" /></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->3<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Silent Spring by Rachel
Carson</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690039"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION HOW14 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(HOW SILENT SPRING BECAME NOISY SUMMER**, 2014)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
Silent Spring described how DDT entered the food chain and
accumulated in the fatty tissues of animals, including human beings, and caused
cancer and genetic damage. A single application on a crop, she wrote, killed
insects for weeks and months, and not only the targeted insects but countless
more and remained toxic in the environment even after it was diluted by
rainwater. Carson concluded that DDT and other pesticides had irrevocably
harmed birds and animals and had contaminated the entire world food supply. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690041"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION The13 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(The Story of Silent Spring, 2013)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /><w:sdt citation="t" id="10690042"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants- a
legally binding international agreement finalized in 2001. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690043"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Per14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Global Issue, A Global Response, 2014)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> Over 150 countries
signed the Convention and it entered into force, on 17 May 2004. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690044"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION The142 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(The Stockholm Convention)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> The Convention aims
to protect human health and the environment from the effects of persistent
organic pollutants (POPs). The Convention has a range of control measures to
reduce and, where feasible, eliminate the release of POPs, including emissions
of unintentionally produced POPs such as dioxins. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690045"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Sto14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs))<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
The Stockholm Convention established an initial list of 12
key POPs chemicals (the so-called dirty dozen) and DDT is one of them. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690048"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION The142 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(The Stockholm Convention)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> POPs are toxic
chemicals that adversely affect human health and the environment around the
world. They can be transported by wind and water, so they can affect people and
wildlife far from where they are used and released. They persist for long
periods of time in the environment and can accumulate and pass from one species
to the next through the food chain. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690047"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Per14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Global Issue, A Global Response, 2014)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t" id="10690046"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></span></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Properties of DDT:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">highly insoluble in water and is soluble in most
organic solvents.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">semi-volatile and can be expected to partition
into the atmosphere</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">lipophilic and partitions readily into the fat
of all living organisms</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
DDT has been demonstrated to bioconcentrate and biomagnify. Due
to its potential to spread widely and persistency, DDT is ubiquitous in the
environment and residues have even been detected in the arctic. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690049"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION 6SU14 \l
1033<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(6. SUBSTANCE PROFILES FOR THE PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Bioaccumulation and
Biomagnification of DDT in living organism:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">DDT is not metabolized, and does not break down
in the body.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">It is much more soluble in fat than in water. So
it accumulates in body fat and is not excreted.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">The transfer of energy from lower trophic levels
to higher ones is inefficient -so herbivores eat large quantities of plant
material, and carnivores eat many times their body weight of prey during their
lifetime. Since DDT is not excreted, the carnivore accumulates most of the DDT
that was present in all of the prey organisms </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="10690053" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">(Bryant, 2002)</w:sdt></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<w:sdt citation="t" id="10690053"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img height="272" src="http://mercurypolicy.scripts.mit.edu/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/bioaccumulation_graphic.jpg" width="400" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->4<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Illustration on
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690059"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hoo13 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Hoop, 2013)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
Large amounts of DDT were released into the air and on soil
or water when it was sprayed on crops and forests to control insects. It may
also enter the air when they evaporate from contaminated water and soil, then
deposited on land or surface water again. This cycle of evaporation and deposition
may be repeated many times and can be carried long distances in the atmosphere.
<w:sdt citation="t" id="10690056"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Pub11 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Public Health Statement for DDT, DDE, and DDD, 2011) </w:sdt>Human still potentially expose to DDT by consuming contaminated
fish and crops grown in the contaminated soil even though it was banned. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690057">(DDT, 2011)</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t" id="10690057"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b>What are the harmful effects
of DDT on human?</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Probable human carcinogen</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Damages the liver</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Temporarily damages the nervous system</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Reduces reproductive success</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Can cause liver cancer</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Damages reproductive system</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b>The debate on DDT:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">As the discussion of harmful effect brought by DDT, it seems
that it is a wise decision to ban DDT. However, there are some “bring back DDT”
claims.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">“DDT is cheaper than other pesticides, more
effective, and not harmful to human beings or animals.”</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">“Even where mosquito populations have developed
resistance to DDT, it is more effective (and less problematic) than alternative
chemicals. This is because replacement pesticides have to be applied more
frequently and are more toxic”</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">“POPs Convention Is Genocide”</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">“Rachel Carson played on people’s emotions, and
to do so, she selected and falsified data from scientific studies, as
entomologist Dr. J. Gordon Edwards has documented in his analysis of the
original scientific studies that Carson cited.”</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">“Mozambique stopped the use of DDT, because 80
percent of the country’s health budget came from donor funds, and donors refused
to allow the use of DDT.”</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Hecht, 2002)</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
There are some people argued for the renewed use of DDT
inside houses to fight the spread of malaria. They have pointed out; the
standard environmental concerns -- such as eggshell-thinning in raptor birds --
have nothing to do with spraying indoors. Tiny amounts of DDT are used compared
with the millions of pounds that were once sprayed on agricultural fields in
the 1950s and 60s. The environmental consequences, as a result, would be
negligible. <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690062"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Ave00 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Avery & Avery, 2000)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><img src="http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/summ02/mosquito.jpg" /></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->5<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Some people urged to bring
back DDT</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690060"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hec02 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Hecht, 2002)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
So, what is your stand? Should DDT be banned?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
Lastly, here is an interesting and ironic statement about
DDT:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
“And its persistency, which is precisely what Müller was
looking for, became one of the key problems.” As for Paul Müller, he died in
1965 – three years after the publication of Silent Spring. “He never complained
that his compound which was a world saver was no longer in public favour.” <w:sdt citation="t" id="10690055"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Lan03 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Landon, 2003)</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b>Works Cited</b></div>
<h1 style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">6. SUBSTANCE PROFILES FOR THE PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.). Retrieved
October 4, 2014, from United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP):
http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/indxhtms/asses6.html#DDT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Avery, A., &
Avery, D. (2000, July 28). <i>Bring Back DDT, and Save Lives</i>. Retrieved
October 4, 2014, from THE WALL STREET JOURNAL:
http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB964734570707088800<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Bryant, P. J. (2002). <i>Chapter
14: HABITAT POLLUTION</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2014, from School of
Biological Sciences, University of California:
http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/sustain/bio65/lec14/b65lec14.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Hecht, M. M. (2002). <i>Bring
Back DDT, and Science With It!</i> Retrieved October 4, 2012, from 21st
Century Science and Technology Magazine: http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/summ02/DDT.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Hoop, J. v. (2013,
January 17). <i>Bioamplification, Bioaccumulation and Bioconcentration</i>.
Retrieved October 4, 2014, from Mercury Science and Policy at MIT:
http://mercurypolicy.scripts.mit.edu/blog/?p=499<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">HOW SILENT SPRING
BECAME NOISY SUMMER**</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (2014,
February 7). Retrieved October 4, 2014, from Project One Percent:
http://projectonepercent.org/silent-spring-became-noisy-summer/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Landon, V. (2003, May
6). <i>DDT: From miracle chemical to banned pollutant</i>. Retrieved October
4, 2014, from swissinfo:
http://www.swissinfo.ch/flash/special/70_years_swissinfo/DVD-ROM/multimedia/malaria/html/swissinfo16b4.html?siteSect=671<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Nobel Media AB.
(2014). <i>Paul Müller - Biographical</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2014, from
Nobel Prize.org: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/muller-bio.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Nobel Media AB.
(2014). <i>Paul Müller - Facts</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2014, from
Nobelprize.org:
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/muller-facts.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Peirce, P. (2008, May
21). <i>Pyrethrum-Based Insecticides from Chrysanthemums</i>. Retrieved
October 4, 2014, from Vegetable gardener:
http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/5456/pyrethrum-based-insecticides-from-chrysanthemums<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Persistent Organic
Pollutants: A Global Issue, A Global Response</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (2014, June 12). Retrieved October 4, 2014, from
United States Environmental Protection Agency:
http://www2.epa.gov/international-cooperation/persistent-organic-pollutants-global-issue-global-response<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Public Health
Statement for DDT, DDE, and DDD</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">.
(2011, March 3). Retrieved October 4, 2014, from Agency for Toxic Substances
and Disease Registry: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=79&tid=20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Pyrethrum the
natural insecticide</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (2010).
Retrieved October 4, 2014, from Botanical Resources Australia Pty Ltd:
http://www.botanicalra.com.au/pyrethrum_natural_insecticide.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2014, from Department
of the Environment, Australian Government: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/environment-protection/chemicals-management/pops<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The DDT Story</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2014, from Pesticide
Action Network North America:
http://www.panna.org/issues/persistent-poisons/the-ddt-story<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The Stockholm
Convention</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.). Retrieved
October 4, 2014, from UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION:
http://www.unido.org/en/what-we-do/environment/capacity-building-for-the-implementation-of-multilateral-environmental-agreements/the-stockholm-convention.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The Story of Silent
Spring</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (2013, May 12). Retrieved
October 4, 2014, from Natural Resources Defense Council:
http://www.nrdc.org/health/pesticides/hcarson.asp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY. (2011, April 18). <i>DDT</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2014,
from Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) Chemical Program:
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/ddt.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7964202016153241305.post-5811760563020312752014-10-03T06:12:00.000-07:002014-10-03T06:12:33.026-07:00Hydrocarbon Pollution<div class="MsoNormal">
The bulk of newly discovered petroleum reserves and the best
prospects for future discoveries, lie not on land, but under water. Hence, the
oil and gas industry began to move offshore. They first moved into shallow
water and eventually into deepwater, where technological advances have opened
up vast new reserves of oil and gas in remote areas. Drilling in deepwater
brings new risks because the drilling rigs are potentially dangerous machineries
and the deepwater environment is cold, dark, distant, and under high. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616828"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Nat11 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Graham, et al., 2011)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the catastrophic oil spills is the Deepwater Horizon
oil spill. Deepwater Horizon (oil rig) was drilling the Macondo well under
5,000 feet of Gulf of Mexico, and then over 13,000 feet under the sea floor to
the hydrocarbon reservoir below. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616827">(Graham, et al., 2011)</w:sdt> On the evening of 20
April 2010, a gas release and subsequent explosion occurred on the Deepwater
Horizon oil rig working on the Macondo exploration well for BP in the Gulf of
Mexico. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616829">(Deepwater Horizon accident and response)</w:sdt> The estimated oil
spill is approximately 206 million gallons. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616830">(Ramseur & Hagerty, 2014)</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t" id="8616830"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwws8j7ahD9cDNi06KpBUovqZgu7-twWiSwTauHcGw4Utcstutgu_ozHWnfK_RoYb2-UbcKUr5AckH3T3kGi_XR1Orr8wNzf2Wx6ZSA3g_n9Nus_tZq87Jef9lDayKGT68_w91rL4wruck/s1600/1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwws8j7ahD9cDNi06KpBUovqZgu7-twWiSwTauHcGw4Utcstutgu_ozHWnfK_RoYb2-UbcKUr5AckH3T3kGi_XR1Orr8wNzf2Wx6ZSA3g_n9Nus_tZq87Jef9lDayKGT68_w91rL4wruck/s1600/1.PNG" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->1<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Explosion of Deepwater
Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="8616831"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION THO13 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(THOMPSON, 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u>Methods for cleaning up the oil spill:</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Chemical: <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dispersants are chemical formulations composed of solvents,
surfactants and other additives that disrupt the solid surface of an oil slick
by reducing the surface tension between oil and water. Composed of molecules
with a water-compatible (hydrophilic) end and an oil-compatible (lipophilic)
end, dispersant link an oil droplet to nearby water molecules and allow the natural
agitation caused by waves and wind to pull the droplets apart into increasingly
smaller droplets. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616833"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gra10 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Graham P. , 2010)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/images/13/dispersants_national-commission-deepwater-horizon-oil.jpg?1336514020" /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> Applying of dispersant by aircraft</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t" id="35072925"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hel14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: (Help NOAA Research Chemical Dispersants and Oil Spills, 2014)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Boom:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Booms are floating, physical barriers to oil, made of
plastic, metal, or other materials, which slow the spread of oil and keep it
contained. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616838"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Off141 \n<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>\l 1033<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Spill Containment Methods, 2014)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Boom may be towed behind boats to collect oil. Oil collected
can either be skimmed from the water surface, or towed away from the main slick
to a location where it is safe to burn it. There are different types of boom:
(1) Hard boom is typically made of PVC or similar durable material that
consists of an inflated chamber that rides above the water, and an attached
skirt that hangs down into the water. (2) Fire boom is similar in design to
hard boom, but is made of material that can withstand the heat generated by
burning oil. (3) Sorbent boom is constructed of a long fabric sock enclosing
material that attracts oil but repels water. It does not have an attached skirt
and once saturated with oil, sorbent boom must be removed and properly disposed
of. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616839"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Nat10 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2010)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>In situ burning:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In situ burning of an oil slick, or part of a slick, before
it reaches the coast. Responders will corral some of the oil from the slick in
a fire-proof boom, and then ignite it. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616840"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Off141 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Office of Response and Restoration, 2014)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Burning of collected oil difficult or unachievable beyond
the first 12 – 24 hours after it is spilled, because the oil may also emulsify
and evaporation may remove most of the burnable components. Slick thickness is
so important for on-water burning because very thin slicks are rapidly cooled
by loss of heat to the underlying water and unable to form oil vapour for
burning. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616841"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION MIC05 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(MICHEL, SCHOLZ, WARREN JR., & WALKER, 2005)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><img src="http://summitcontracting.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/100505-n-6070s-434.jpg" height="265" width="400" /></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->3<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> Fire containment boom and in-situ burning</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="35072926"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION
Sum11 \l 1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(Summit Contracting, 2011)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Skimmers:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Skimmers are slow yet very effective machines used for
surface removal in calm or sheltered waters and along shorelines. They work by
taking advantage of the adhesive nature of the oil. Using rotation, suction,
gravity or other forces to drive motion, these machines: 1. provide a
never-ending surface for the spilled petroleum to cling to, 2. clean the surface,
and 3. repeat that process continuously. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616834"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gra10 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Graham P. , 2010)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><img src="http://media.al.com/live/photo/skimmerjpg-6e2ff3ac5d5edac2.jpg" height="400" width="365" /></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->4<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> Example of skimmer</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="35072927"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION
Phi10 \l 1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(Philips, 2010)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Bioremediation:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms, plants or fungi
to correct a contaminated or altered environment. Many scientists agree that
naturally occurring bacteria capable of degrading oil are already present in
marine environments but the limited availability of nutrients like nitrogen and
phosphorus prevent the oil-eaters from performing to their full potential. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616836"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gra10 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Graham P. , 2010)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are two main approaches: (1) Bioaugmentation, in which
oil degrading bacteria are added to supplement the existing microbial
population and (2) biostimulation, in which nutrients or other growth limiting
co-substrates (e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus) are added to stimulate the growth
of indigenous oil degraders. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616837"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Ven14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Venosa)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u>Impact to the environment:</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Physical smothering
of organisms:</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is caused by oils with a high viscosity, in other words
heavy oils. Smothering will affect an organism’s physical ability to continue
critical functions such as respiration, feeding and thermoregulation. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616843"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Env14 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Environmental Effects of Oil Spills)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For example, oil coated birds' feathers, causing birds to
lose their buoyancy and the ability to regulate body temperature. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616846"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION How14 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(How Does the BP Oil Spill Impact Wildlife and
Habitat?)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>
Once birds are covered with oil, they have difficulty flying, or are completely
unable to fly, making feeding and getting away from predators impossible. When
whales, dolphins and porpoises surface to breathe, oily water can cover their
blowholes and enter their lungs, making breathing difficult. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616849"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gul14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Gulf Oil Spill: Effects on Wildlife and Habitats)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><img src="http://www.alternativeconsumer.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/oil_bird.jpg" /></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->5<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> Oil coated on bird's feathers</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="35072928"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION
Fra10 \l 1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(Frances, 2010)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Chemical toxicity:</b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is characteristic of lighter chemical components which
are more bio-available, ie absorbed into organs, tissues and cells, and can
have sub-lethal or lethal toxic effects. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616844"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Env14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Environmental Effects of Oil Spills)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some of the most toxic components of oil include benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Dispersant
also poses threat due to their complex mixture. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The use of dispersants is also likely increased the
bioavailability of the oil (its ability to be taken up or acted upon by
organisms) and increased the potential exposure of sensitive organisms. It also
increases the exposure of organisms below the surface in the water column and
at the seafloor to oil, dispersants, and oil-dispersant mixture <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616852"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION The14 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> because the smaller
droplets eventually become heavier than water and sink into the water column,
or the vertical expanse of water extending from the sea surface to bottom
sediments. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616853"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gra10 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Graham P. , 2010)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Ecological changes:</b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There might be a loss of key organisms with a specific
function in an ecological community. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616845"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Env14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Environmental Effects of Oil Spills)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Oil will likely reduce the amount and health of all prey
species, reducing the food available for marine mammals, seabirds and sea
turtles. For example, plankton is the foundation for nearly all life in the
Gulf of Mexico (and the ocean), and they will most likely be affected. Contaminants
from the spill and the dispersants are likely to concentrate in the upper food
chain due to bioaccumulation. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616850"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gul14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Gulf Oil Spill: Effects on Wildlife and Habitats)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The oil’s toxicity may have hit egg and larval organisms
immediately, diminishing or even wiping out those age classes. Without these
generations, population dips and cascading food web effects may become evident
in the years ahead. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616847"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION How14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(How Does the BP Oil Spill Impact Wildlife and Habitat?)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Contamination/
destruction of habitat:</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Gulf of Mexico contains nearly half of the coastal
wetlands in the United States. Marshes, estuaries and bayous provide critical
nursery and feeding grounds for hundreds of marine species. A large percentage
of marine species that live in the open ocean as adults spend one critical life
stage in coastal wetlands. Earlier oil spill studies in a comparable ecosystem
showed extensive mortality in mangroves, sea grasses, coral reefs and algae
from the spill. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616851"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gul14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Gulf Oil Spill: Effects on Wildlife and Habitats)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><img src="http://static.trunity.net/files/133001_133100/133042/marshoil.jpg" height="425" width="640" /></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->6<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> Oil spill responders trying to recover oil from
a marsh oiled during the Mendicant Island, LA incident</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="35072929"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Nom10 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(Nomack, 2010)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Besides the ecological impacts, oil pollution also affects
the economy (e.g. fisheries, industries depend on clean water, tourism, clean up
cost), real estate (e.g. decline in property value) and loss of natural
resources (large amount of crude oil to be considered useless). People's health
could be also adversely affected by oils either when inhaling or touching oil
products, or when eating contaminated sea food. <w:sdt citation="t" id="8616854"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Eff14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Effect of marine oil pollution on economy and human health)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Works Cited</span><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Deepwater Horizon accident and response</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2014, from BP:
http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/gulf-of-mexico-restoration/deepwater-horizon-accident-and-response.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Effect of marine
oil pollution on economy and human health</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2014, from Global Marine Oil Pollution
Information Gateway: http://oils.gpa.unep.org/facts/economy-health.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Environmental
Effects of Oil Spills</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.).
Retrieved September 28, 2014, from International Tanker Owners Pollution
Federation Limited (ITOPF):
http://www.itopf.com/knowledge-resources/documents-guides/environmental-effects/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Frances. (2010, June
2). <i>Toxic Gulf Oil Spill Cleanup – Bird Washing Machine</i>. Retrieved
October 3, 2014, from the alternative consumer: http://www.alternativeconsumer.com/2010/06/02/toxic-gulf-oil-spill-cleanup-bird-washing-machine/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Graham, B., Reilly, W.
K., Beinecke, F., Boesch, D. F., Garcia, T. D., Murray, C. A., et al. (2011). <i>Deep
Water The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling.</i> United
States: Oil Spill Commission.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Graham, P. (2010,
August). <i>Deep Sea Oil Spill Cleanup Techniques:Applicability, Trade-offs
and Advantages.</i> Retrieved September 28, 2014, from ProQuest:
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/oil/review.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Gulf Oil Spill:
Effects on Wildlife and Habitats</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">.
(n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2014, from New England Aquarium:
http://www.neaq.org/conservation_and_research/oil_spill/effects_on_wildlife_and_habitats.php<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Help NOAA Research
Chemical Dispersants and Oil Spills</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">.
(2014, October 2). Retrieved October 3, 2014, from Office of Response and
Restoration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:
http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/help-noaa-research-chemical-dispersants-and-oil-spills.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">How Does the BP Oil
Spill Impact Wildlife and Habitat?</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
(n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2014, from NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION:
https://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Protect-Habitat/Gulf-Restoration/Oil-Spill/Effects-on-Wildlife.aspx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">MICHEL, J., SCHOLZ,
D., WARREN JR., S. R., & WALKER, A. H. (2005, April). <i>IN-SITU BURNING A
DECISION-MAKER’S GUIDE TO IN-SITU BURNING.</i> Retrieved September 28, 2014,
from American Petroleum Institute:
http://www.api.org/environment-health-and-safety/clean-water/oil-spill-prevention-and-response/~/media/4BDBD6AABD534BF1B88EB203C6D8B8F4.ashx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration. (2010, May 18). <i>NOAA’s Oil Spill Response Using
Boom in Response to Oil Spills.</i> Retrieved September 28, 2014, from
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: http://www.noaa.gov/factsheets/new%20version/boom.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Nomack, M. (2010,
September 25). <i>Environmental impacts of oil spills</i>. Retrieved October
3, 2014, from The Encyclopedia OF EARTH:
http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/158443/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Office of Response and
Restoration. (2014, September 26). <i>Spill Containment Methods</i>. Retrieved
September 28, 2014, from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Office of Response and Restoration:
http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/oil-spills/spill-containment-methods.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Offshore</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2014, from BP:
http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/gulf-of-mexico-restoration/deepwater-horizon-accident-and-response/completing-the-response/offshore.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Philips, R. H. (2010,
June 5). <i>More skimmer boats deployed to fight oil spill; many more on
standby</i>. Retrieved October 3, 2014, from Alabama Media Group:
http://blog.al.com/live/2010/06/more_skimmer_boats_deployed_to.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Ramseur, J. L., &
Hagerty, C. L. (2014). <i>Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Recent Activities and
Ongoing Developments.</i> United States: Congressional Research Service.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Summit Contracting.
(2011, June 22). <i>U.S. Coast Guard Cites Importance of In-Situ Burning
During Deepwater Horizon Clean up</i>. Retrieved October 3, 2014, from WordPress:
http://summitcontracting.wordpress.com/tag/in-situ-burns/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The Deepwater
Horizon Oil Spill.</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> (n.d.). Retrieved
September 28, 2014, from Society of Toxicology:
https://www.toxicology.org/pm/Deepwater_oil_spill.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">THOMPSON, P. (2013,
October 4). <i>BP could be saved hundreds of millions of pounds over Gulf of
Mexico oil spill after U.S. court stops bogus or inflated payments</i>.
Retrieved September 28, 2014, from Daily Mail:
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2442576/BP-wins-Gulf-Mexico-oil-spill-compensation-court-battle.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Venosa, A. D. (n.d.). <i>NRT
FACT SHEET: BIOREMEDIATION IN OIL SPILL RESPONSE.</i> Retrieved September 28,
2014, from US Environmental Protection Agency:
http://www.epa.gov/oem/docs/oil/edu/biofact.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7964202016153241305.post-71287647605260003932014-09-27T00:47:00.000-07:002014-09-27T00:47:22.669-07:00It "blings" my eyes.<div class="MsoNormal">
Light is very
important for human vision. To deal with the limitation of eyes to see in the
dark, artificial light is invented. The
lighting improves our physiological performance of vision to detect, perceive
and distinguish the existence, size, shape, colour, texture, moving, distance,
changes in the brightness or colours, etc. of the objects to be seen. Consequently,
the efficiency of the human activities will be increased with the improvement
of visual performance.<w:sdt citation="t" id="-1450706923"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> CITATION NAR04 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(NARISADA & SCHREUDER, 2004)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What if there is too
much lighting than we need?<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Light pollution is an
unwanted consequence of outdoor lighting and includes such effects as sky glow,
light trespass, and glare. <w:sdt citation="t" id="1458679515"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Wha07 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(What is light pollution?, 2007)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><img src="http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/lightpollution/img/figure2.gif" /></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">1</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Useful light vs. light pollution</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Source:
<w:sdt citation="t" id="469795710"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Wha07 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(What is light pollution?,
2007)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sky glow: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sky glow is the result
of light that is projected upwards, and then scattered and scattered backby
aerosols in the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth. colouring the night sky
and reducing the visibility ofastronomical objects.<w:sdt citation="t" id="753016195"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
CITATION Miz02 \l 1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Mizon, 2002)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Part of the stray light
is projected directly upwards due to poorly designed lighting or the light is
aimed upwards on purpose. Another major contribution to the stray light is the light
that is well-directed to objects, but reflected by them. For example, road
surfaces, grass, and buildings reflect a fair amount of the incident light, and
the reflected light usually goes upwards.<w:sdt citation="t" id="-1681270851"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> CITATION NAR04 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(NARISADA & SCHREUDER, 2004)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><img alt="File:KL-Skyline Night HDR.JPG" height="247" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/KL-Skyline_Night_HDR.JPG/800px-KL-Skyline_Night_HDR.JPG" width="640" /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">2</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Sky glow in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Source:
<w:sdt citation="t" id="1322467436"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Mor11 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Morris, 2011)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Light trespass:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Light trespass occurs when spill light is
cast where it is not wanted. Light trespass is somewhat subjective because it
is difficult to define when, where, and how much light is unwanted. An example
of light trespass is when spill light from a streetlight or floodlight enters a
window and illuminates an indoor area.<w:sdt citation="t" id="-28951533"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> CITATION Wha07 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(What is light
pollution?, 2007)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><img alt="Light Trespass" height="300" src="http://www.starlight-theatre.ca/images/RES-PARKING-LOT.JPG" width="400" /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">3</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Light trespass</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Source:
<w:sdt citation="t" id="-1753117333"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION LIG14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(LIGHT POLLUTION)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><img height="266" src="http://urbanomnibus.net/redux/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/CityDark-LightTrespass-525x350.jpg" width="400" /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">4</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Spill light illuminates the bedroom through window</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Source:
<w:sdt citation="t" id="252559133"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION The11 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(The City Dark, 2011)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Glare: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Glare is a visual the sensation produced by
luminance within the visual field that is sufficiently greater than the
luminance to which the eyes are adapted to. It is subjective, and sensitivity
to glare can vary widely. Older people are usually more sensitive to glare due
to the aging characteristics of the eye. Disability glare is the reduction in
visibility caused by intense light sources in the field of view, while
discomfort glare is the sensation of annoyance or even pain induced by overly
bright sources. <w:sdt citation="t" id="208925523"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Wha07 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(What is light pollution?,
2007)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/lightpollution/img/figure6.jpg" /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">5</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Glare</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Source:
<w:sdt citation="t" id="10087212"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>CITATION Ren07 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 2007)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Effects of light pollution:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Health:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Light pollution is a form of annoyance.
According to the World Health Organization, annoyance is described as a feeling
of displeasure associated with any agent or condition believed to affect
adversely an individual or a group". Annoyance can lead to stress. It
depends on the stress level whether the health will be influenced.<w:sdt citation="t" id="-326284618"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> CITATION
NAR04 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(NARISADA &
SCHREUDER, 2004)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Light pollution is also investigated as a
interfering, aggravating factor that suppresses natural melatonin levels in
humans at night. This suppression simply pulls out the stops to cancer cell
growth. The hormone melatonin normally impedes cancer cell growth and can even
cause cancer cell death. <w:sdt citation="t" id="519129464"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION How141 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(How Light Pollution Affects
Human Health)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Animal:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Studies have shown that many animals, like
insects and birds, suffer from light at night. Insects are attracted by light.
The many insects may attract predators and, in their tum, secondary predators.
"Street lighting is on the one hand favorable for predators. Lighting may,
however, cause unnatural death"<w:sdt citation="t" id="2000143053"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> CITATION NAR04 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(NARISADA &
SCHREUDER, 2004)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Bright lights nearby the beach discourage
females from coming ashore to nest. But more important, hatchlings can become
disoriented by manmade lighting and fail to find their way quickly to the relative
safety of the open sea. The newly hatched sea turtles developed instincts to
frenetically crawl toward the lightest horizon, because the ocean breakers
would reflect starlight. In the past 100 years, the lighting situation has
changed dramatically. Instead of heading directly into the sea, hatchlings go
toward the brighter light. Those that wander in circles on the sand have a much
higher risk of dying of dehydration, exhaustion or predation. <w:sdt citation="t" id="1621112833"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> CITATION Hut14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Hutchinson)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><img height="221" src="http://lighting.com/wp-content/uploads/Photo-courtesy-Luca5-via-Flickr.jpg" width="320" /><img height="221" src="http://lighting.com/wp-content/uploads/Tracks-of-disoriented-loggerhead-hatchlings-photo-by-Blair-Witherington.jpg" width="320" /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">6</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Newly hatched sea turtles wander on the beach</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Source:
<w:sdt citation="t" id="1557196719"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hut14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Hutchinson)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Energy usage, air pollution:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Artificial lighting consumes electricity.
We need to burn fossil fuel for the production of electricity, and the
by-product of electricity is pollutants. The pollutants include greenhouse
gases and toxic chemical that leads to environmental problems such as global
warming and they threaten human health. Why do we need to spend money on excess
lighting to bring harm to the environment and ourselves?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Safety:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Light can cause confusion or visual
distraction that threatens road safety. High levels of glare can also decrease
visibility for the road user and increase the risk of road accident.Some of the
households over lit their homes to be “safer”. However, overly bright lighting
creates a sharp contrast between light and darkness, making the places outside
the area of illumination nearly invisible. Bad lighting can even attract
criminals by creating deep shadows that offer concealment. <w:sdt citation="t" id="-1810542051"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Des10 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Design Out Crime, 2010)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><img src="http://www.pretoria-astronomy.co.za/images/light_pollution.jpg" /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">7</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Security lighting which creates deep
contrast. Can you spot the person in the left picture?</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Source:
<w:sdt citation="t" id="1166054152"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Smi14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Smit)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG">Colourful lighting may create beautiful
night view. What about the plumes emit from chimney during energy production?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-SG"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/images/p/pk%20po/power_station_chimneys001/power_station_chimneys001_16x9.jpg" /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG">Figure
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG">8</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-SG><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"> Emission from energy production</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span lang="EN-SG">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="-524562285"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Jon14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Jones, 2014)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></h1>
<h1>
<br /></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Works Cited</span><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-SG><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-SG"><i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Design Out Crime.</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> (2010, December). Retrieved September 20, 2014, from
International Dark-Sky Association:
http://www.darksky.org/assets/documents/ida_safety_brochure-bw.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">How
Light Pollution Affects Human Health</span></i><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2014, from
Department of Physics, Florida Atlantic University:
http://physics.fau.edu/observatory/lightpol-health.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Hutchinson,
L. I. (n.d.). <i>TURNING NIGHT INTO DAY: LIGHT POLLUTION’S IMPACTS ON WILDLIFE</i>.
Retrieved September 20, 2014, from Lighting.com:
http://lighting.com/light-pollution-wildlife/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Jones, B.
(2014, March 13). <i>Energy, Climate Change and Security in the Context of
Ukraine: A Discussion with Danish Foreign Minister Martin Lidegaard</i>.
Retrieved September 20, 2014, from BROOKINGS:
http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/planetpolicy/posts/2014/05/13-lidegaard-europe-energy-ukraine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">LIGHT
POLLUTION</span></i><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.).
Retrieved September 20, 2014, from Starlight Theatre:
http://www.starlight-theatre.ca/LT-POLLUTION.HTM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Mizon, B.
(2002). <i>Light pollution: responses and remedies.</i> London: Springer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Morris, E.
(2011, February 21). <i>Light Pollution in the World</i>. Retrieved September
20, 2014, from Light Pollution and Dark Skies:
http://lightpollutionanddarkskies.blogspot.sg/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">NARISADA ,
K., & SCHREUDER, D. (2004). <i>LIGHT POLLUTION HANDBOOK.</i> Netherlands:
Springer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute. (2007, February). <i>What is glare?</i> Retrieved
September 27, 2014, from Lighting Research Center:
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/lightpollution/glare.asp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Smit, J.
(n.d.). <i>Light Pollution—the dark side of light</i>. Retrieved September 20,
2014, from PRETORIA CENTRE OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN AFRICA:
http://www.pretoria-astronomy.co.za/light_pollution.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The City
Dark</span></i><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. (2011, August 17).
Retrieved September 20, 2014, from Urban Omnibus:
http://urbanomnibus.net/2011/08/the-city-dark/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The
Woman’s Guide to Buying Flattering Eyewear: When should I Buy New Glasses?</span></i><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> (2014, February 13). Retrieved September
20, 2014, from Avoce Eyewear Blog: http://avoceeyewear.com/wp/?p=375<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography">
<i><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;">What is
light pollution?</span></i><span lang="EN-SG" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> (2007,
February). Retrieved September 20, 2014, from Lighting Research Center:
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/lightpollution/lightPollution.asp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-SG"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7964202016153241305.post-7263009543552084712014-09-19T08:32:00.000-07:002014-09-19T08:32:30.035-07:00Keep quiet, please!<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Noise
pollution has not received as much attention as other types of pollution, such
as air pollution, or water pollution. This is because the fact that we can’t
see, taste or smell it; however, the air around us is constantly filled with
sounds. <w:sdt citation="t" id="1328101692"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Noi12 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Noise Pollution, 2012)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Noise is
“unwanted or disturbing sound”. Sound
becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as
sleeping, conversation, or disrupts or diminishes one’s quality of life. The persistent and escalating sources of
sound can often be considered an annoyance. This “annoyance” can have major
consequences, primarily to one’s overall health. <w:sdt citation="t" id="23292967"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Noi12 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Noise Pollution, 2012)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The inner part of the ear contains tiny hair cells. The hair
cells change sound into electric signals. Then nerves carry these signals to
the brain, which recognizes sound. These tiny hair cells are easily damaged by
loud sounds and too much use and it may become damaged. <w:sdt citation="t" id="-460271387"><span lang="EN-US">(Vorvick, 2012)</span></w:sdt>. The risk of damage
to hearing depends on volume which is measured in decibels (dB), duration of
exposure <w:sdt citation="t" id="-1410307252"><span lang="EN-US">(Stony Brook Surgery, 2012)</span></w:sdt> and family history
of hearing loss. <w:sdt citation="t" id="261879045"><span lang="EN-US">(Vorvick, 2012)</span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy_jscIVk6iCgqXp_PtgHQTOrNC1j3vJGv3Uc0KkH9Y-RI_34Do_3L7pvf8aeFIVoIww0iVoTGvFmDa_3MXjBsSbYLp4Osfu3aY2uMA_cyA7sDybyGU2EafULFvyo7L3x6pJH0HVsK_E35/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy_jscIVk6iCgqXp_PtgHQTOrNC1j3vJGv3Uc0KkH9Y-RI_34Do_3L7pvf8aeFIVoIww0iVoTGvFmDa_3MXjBsSbYLp4Osfu3aY2uMA_cyA7sDybyGU2EafULFvyo7L3x6pJH0HVsK_E35/s1600/1.jpg" height="305" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->1<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> How sound is transmitted<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="-1041516347"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Mac10 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Macrae, 2010)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Noise pollution not
only causes hearing problems. Nonauditory effects of noise exposure are those
effects that don’t cause hearing loss but still can be measured, such as
elevated blood pressure, loss of sleep, increased heart rate, cardiovascular
constriction, labored breathing, and changes in brain chemistry. According to
the WHO<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Guidelines for Community Noise</span></em>,
“these health effects, in turn, can lead to social handicap, reduced
productivity, decreased performance in learning, absenteeism in the workplace
and school, increased drug use, and accidents.” <w:sdt citation="t" id="-1465882267"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Che05 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Chepesiuk, 2005)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Noise pollution
also affects the ecosystem. It has been found that noise can have a number of
impacts on wildlife such as changing patterns of behaviour and effects on
breeding patterns. <w:sdt citation="t" id="-2086751220"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION AnE08 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(An Economic Valuation of
Noise Pollution – developing a tool for policy appraisal, 2008)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> For example, increased
mortality was observed in fish eggs and embryos located in environments with
ambient noise levels that were only 15 dB higher than those observed in nature.
<w:sdt citation="t" id="523135864"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>CITATION Ban11 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Banner &
Hyatt, 1973)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuefAyNE0HC1c3m2Lw58m5jebL4EFEnJpSINkLOpV91PEJsThhZdXcLlxQULCJ-dyuvzOUZmalPjr003mcFKkm4CWLLirvqiW4HebzFw2cSoyn-NX2DOl2FnmZw9GtSkgwwKcCAaAmXMoI/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuefAyNE0HC1c3m2Lw58m5jebL4EFEnJpSINkLOpV91PEJsThhZdXcLlxQULCJ-dyuvzOUZmalPjr003mcFKkm4CWLLirvqiW4HebzFw2cSoyn-NX2DOl2FnmZw9GtSkgwwKcCAaAmXMoI/s1600/2.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Black-chinned hummingbirds
appear drawn to noise, perhaps because their predators, scrub jays, leave noisy
sites<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="2010631368"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Par12 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Parry, 2012)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">In Singapore’s
context, the noise pollution is a common problem from construction sites and
Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). Can you imagine the life of residents who have to withstand
the noise from MRT trains whizzing by their homes? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">One of the
operators of MRT train, install noise barrier as mitigation measure. SMRT Trains
Ltd (SMRT), have completed installing noise barriers at the new MRT viaduct at
Jurong East Station and near Bishan Station. It expects that some 20km of noise
barriers may be needed in all to reduce noise pollution from its train network and
the installation should be completed by 2020. <w:sdt citation="t" id="908426264"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Lan13 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Land Transport Master Plan
2013, 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>
The noise barriers will help to reduce noise levels from passing trains by
about five to 10 decibels. <w:sdt citation="t" id="423698192"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION RED13 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(REDUCING RAILWAY NOISE,
2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>
The current noise guideline adopted to guide developments in the vicinity of
MRT tracks is 67 dBA (equivalent continuous noise level over 1 hour) at the
facade of building.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNqzyKXPXy6q4hTaqj5udZK2irdmcKzXp9mnA6lcydUNAvcY7q773FMeHbQYeQcsUnmV0dokgXWdGARhynizhpyLIGdwAI4q2YfrS-C3uK-xvly2mQLBdFCxhWzX2CyPbjFpq1y4DRHCLl/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNqzyKXPXy6q4hTaqj5udZK2irdmcKzXp9mnA6lcydUNAvcY7q773FMeHbQYeQcsUnmV0dokgXWdGARhynizhpyLIGdwAI4q2YfrS-C3uK-xvly2mQLBdFCxhWzX2CyPbjFpq1y4DRHCLl/s1600/3.png" height="329" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->3<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Noise barrier installed by
SMRT<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="1139074303"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Lan13 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Land Transport Master Plan
2013, 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Is the noise
level of 67dBA (continuous exposure for 1 hour) safe that it does not cause any
health impact? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">If a sound
reaches 85 dB or stronger, it can cause permanent damage to your hearing. The
amount of time you listen to a sound affects how much damage it will cause. The
quieter the sound, the longer you can listen to it safely. If the sound is very
quiet, it will not cause damage even if you listen to it for a very long time;
however, exposure to some common sounds can cause permanent damage. With
extended exposure, noises that reach a decibel level of 85 can cause permanent
damage to the hair cells in the inner ear, leading to hearing loss. <w:sdt citation="t" id="-1733462777"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Dec14 \l
2052 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Decibel Exposure Time Guidelines)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNLcm3s9e5hxyAoC2JDa2ZdVbVrEl7W8axCfMfsAVsNqwt5MXNkJhiK2hBhPG8jmpsZITQ1kN1J5J857LsEOnBklAnWOOxLPKgGKFft27_wJalxCpuuimBA0zPWu2r3vV9mX9V2EzJ_mHn/s1600/4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNLcm3s9e5hxyAoC2JDa2ZdVbVrEl7W8axCfMfsAVsNqwt5MXNkJhiK2hBhPG8jmpsZITQ1kN1J5J857LsEOnBklAnWOOxLPKgGKFft27_wJalxCpuuimBA0zPWu2r3vV9mX9V2EzJ_mHn/s1600/4.gif" height="261" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->4<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Permissible exposure time for
different sound levels<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="-933441254"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Dec14 \l
2052 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Decibel Exposure Time Guidelines)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">It seems that
noise level of MRT is less likely to cause hearing impairment, but it is
possible to cause annoyance. The same noise could be annoying to some people
but acceptable to others. There is no definite relationship between the degree
of annoyance or unpleasantness of noise and the risk of adverse health effects.
<w:sdt citation="t" id="1431161645"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=EN-US>CITATION Noi07 \l 1033 </span></span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Noise - Non-Auditory
Effects, 2007)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Maybe for some of
the people, the noise produced by MRT is the alarm clock? <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Works Cited</span><o:p></o:p><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US">Noise -
Non-Auditory Effects</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. (2007, February 16). Retrieved September 19, 2014, from
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety:
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/non_auditory.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">(2008). <i>An
Economic Valuation of Noise Pollution – developing a tool for policy
appraisal.</i> United Kingdom: Department for Environmental Food and Rural
Affairs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">Noise Pollution</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. (2012, July 16).
Retrieved September 12, 2014, from U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY:
http://www.epa.gov/air/noise.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">(2013). <i>Land
Transport Master Plan 2013.</i> Singapore: Land Transport Authority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">REDUCING RAILWAY
NOISE</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. (2013, May 17). Retrieved September 13, 2014, from Land Transport
Authority:
http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/public-transport/mrt-and-lrt-trains/reducing-railway-noise.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Banner, A., &
Hyatt, M. (1973). Effects of Noise on Eggs and Larvae of Two Estuarine Fishes.
<i>Transactions of the American Fisheries Society</i>, 102,134-136.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Chepesiuk, R.
(2005, January). <i>Decibel Hell: The Effects of Living in a Noisy World</i>.
Retrieved September 13, 2014, from National Center for Biotechnology
Information: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253729/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">Decibel Exposure
Time Guidelines</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2014, from Dangerous
Decibels: http://www.dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/decibel-exposure-time-guidelines/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Macrae, F. (2010,
May 14). <i>Deafness cure breakthrough as scientists create tiny ear hairs
from stem cells</i>. Retrieved September 14, 2014, from Daily Mail:
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1278160/Deafness-cure-breakthrough-scientists-create-tiny-ear-hairs-stem-cells.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Parry, W. (2012,
March 20). <i>Human Racket Affects Plants, Too</i>. Retrieved September 13,
2014, from livescience: http://www.livescience.com/19189-noise-pollution-indirect-effects-plants.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Stony Brook
Surgery. (2012, August 23). <i>Headphones & Earphones Can Cause Permanent
Hearing Loss: What You Need to Know</i>. Retrieved September 13, 2014, from
Stony Brook School of Medicine: http://medicine.stonybrookmedicine.edu/surgery/blog/headphones-and-earphones-can-cause-permanent-hearing-loss-what-you-need-to-know<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt docparttype="Bibliographies" docpartunique="t" id="-590079415" sdtdocpart="t">
<!--[if supportFields]><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-SG;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">Vorvick, L. J.
(2012, May 13). <i>Hearing loss and music</i>. Retrieved September 13, 2014,
from MedlinePlus: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000495.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7964202016153241305.post-4436602322128258302014-09-12T05:09:00.000-07:002014-09-12T05:43:23.575-07:00You are causing “pollution” because you look ugly?<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are
different types of pollution and visual pollution is one of them, even though
it is less known by people. Unlike other types of pollution such as air
pollution, water pollution and land pollution which are measurable and
quantifiable, how do we define visual pollution since “ugliness” is
immeasurable? <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Generally,
visual pollution is defined as “any unwanted sight that mentally or physically
affects the community or creates any health hazard”. It can be as simple as the
ugly scene of huge mountains of waste on the roadside and unpleasant odour that
affect your appetite or to a more serious extent which the overload of
signboards that distract the road users and causing more road accidents. <w:sdt citation="t" id="1213467827"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Mut14 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Muthukrishnan)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><w:sdt citation="t"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUMbFNBfWWAYrhfWrctiRwMv5hsn3-kaiA6HFiAH6NTBtSZQWHky56dS7dlnnWJ-3XqjA3Cp7cSndCdliue6uDC7i8fMvgqSUJnG5DGxJd1FYHlMh5dlk8PAQ-lIkGrLg9kU1nrxUTeLo_/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUMbFNBfWWAYrhfWrctiRwMv5hsn3-kaiA6HFiAH6NTBtSZQWHky56dS7dlnnWJ-3XqjA3Cp7cSndCdliue6uDC7i8fMvgqSUJnG5DGxJd1FYHlMh5dlk8PAQ-lIkGrLg9kU1nrxUTeLo_/s1600/1.jpg" height="270" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->1<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
Mountains of rubbish were piling up in the Spanish city of Seville<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="222804614"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Wat13 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Watson, 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfdeonx7bXYqgyN1_1NjxXvN2y5oO7Q5pqMuagLi1kGg3OsBCFNCeJHqCXlnf267gVO5Q_8afIWZMsHoHnhJ-J59xGRsLN4AwWtCKR0RlwOfwaKF-533cSbLvmwKcbTM4mF299nalq9rOW/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfdeonx7bXYqgyN1_1NjxXvN2y5oO7Q5pqMuagLi1kGg3OsBCFNCeJHqCXlnf267gVO5Q_8afIWZMsHoHnhJ-J59xGRsLN4AwWtCKR0RlwOfwaKF-533cSbLvmwKcbTM4mF299nalq9rOW/s1600/2.jpg" height="320" width="262" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
Different Forms of Visual Pollution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></span></w:sdt></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="1921364643"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Mut14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Muthukrishnan)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A major conflict between renewable energy and aesthetical
value is the wind farm. With the increasing concern of global warming issue,
cleaner and more sustainable renewable energy are developed with lesser carbon
emission. Wind turbines produce renewable energy by means of transforming wind
energy into electricity; the process has no by-product of gaseous emission.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #4c4c4c; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><w:sdt citation="t" id="-1086923942"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> CITATION Gri09 \l 1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Grimm,
2009)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #4c4c4c; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span>Hence,
there is an increase in popularity for wind energy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">World wind energy capacity has been doubling about every
three and a half years since 1990.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9-6Kgqwa-1QDfs7qimHGSSEwx5xGqIeDZfVTCN68VHZ-bptJLXVXOXW8egPrBgZ0V0c4rs9torNCpOAtHui4GGyEmd40riBW267jDdXJnkRz5F2GDKhVoTAbpKxAyfV9g_bw70YKJ5J5P/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9-6Kgqwa-1QDfs7qimHGSSEwx5xGqIeDZfVTCN68VHZ-bptJLXVXOXW8egPrBgZ0V0c4rs9torNCpOAtHui4GGyEmd40riBW267jDdXJnkRz5F2GDKhVoTAbpKxAyfV9g_bw70YKJ5J5P/s1600/3.png" height="296" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->3<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
Comparing Total Wind Energy Generation for 1993 and 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="-851104591"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Wor13 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(World Energy Resources 2013
Survey, 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Due
to the sitting requirements for efficient energy production, wind turbines need
to be located in open unobstructed areas where strong winds are prevalent. For
economic feasibility, they also need to be located close to a current grid
network, reducing huge costs of transmission line connection. Consequently,
ideal sitting locations are typically in conspicuous locations within close
proximity to the outskirts of residential suburbia. <w:sdt citation="t" id="548188113"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gri09 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Grimm, 2009)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt></span></span></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></w:sdt></span></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL21aE8UAMwvL3301IMx99GT3sTO96li_qElKEa8ij3ID9XHXoxPpr2B8fEiTYMdgJbguA_HM9RTTlnTzVi9VVUt_r5_uCFXeL0hmfjGrm6uLR4OblHygYqcwHI049fnqp1s870_oo5OvX/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL21aE8UAMwvL3301IMx99GT3sTO96li_qElKEa8ij3ID9XHXoxPpr2B8fEiTYMdgJbguA_HM9RTTlnTzVi9VVUt_r5_uCFXeL0hmfjGrm6uLR4OblHygYqcwHI049fnqp1s870_oo5OvX/s1600/4.jpg" height="424" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->4<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
Wind Turbines in Natural Landscape<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="-1291041268"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Ter14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Terrabotics)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">
</span></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In the form of visual pollution, wind turbines also
contribute to shadow flicker. Shadow flicker is defined as alternating changes
in light intensity caused by the moving blade casting shadows on the ground and
stationary objects, such as window on a dwelling. The major concern for it is
the moving visual silhouettes across building windows and possible
psychological effects of epilepsy and related health issues. <w:sdt citation="t" id="-71661544"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gri09 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Grimm, 2009)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> However, this
annoyance can be minimized with careful siting, planting trees or installing
window awnings, or curtailing wind turbine operations when certain lighting
conditions exist. </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="-2028484385"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Env13 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(Environmental Impacts of
Wind Power, 2013)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The video below shows how shadow flicker is caused by wind
turbine. Do you think it is annoying?</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/MbIe0iUtelQ?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbIe0iUtelQ)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSF7lzi0n4KPikmsDcZ4Dk7JwxgwP_kTRQsAe48ngVKJsI8sUrhfiSZcp_GvRtKIiFlnKlYE8z57cl4Vc3zUr9gF5DpfMf18RBC1jW7xkhMpChoEfih6-NGlGqpKrgjS9byih04PS_ZAYp/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSF7lzi0n4KPikmsDcZ4Dk7JwxgwP_kTRQsAe48ngVKJsI8sUrhfiSZcp_GvRtKIiFlnKlYE8z57cl4Vc3zUr9gF5DpfMf18RBC1jW7xkhMpChoEfih6-NGlGqpKrgjS9byih04PS_ZAYp/s1600/5.jpg" height="285" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span><![endif]-->5<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->
A wind turbine is seen near to a gate of the ancient city of Wushu in
Diaobingshan, Liaoning province<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="1740520054"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Zhu12 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Zhu, 2012)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The wind energy is a form of renewable energy which reduces
the impact of air pollution; however, it is hardly avoided to cause the visual
pollution. Is wind turbine a nice sculpture for you or do you think it spoiled
the beautiful scenery? </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Works Cited</b></span><br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">(n.d.). Retrieved
September 7, 2014, from Terrabotics: http://terrabotics.co/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">Environmental
Impacts of Wind Power</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">. (2013, May 3). Retrieved September 7, 2014, from
Union of Concerned Scientists:
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-wind-power.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">(2013). <i>World
Energy Resources 2013 Survey.</i> London: World Energy Council.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">Grimm, B. (2009). <i>Quantifying
the Visual Effects of Wind Farms; A Theoritical Process in an Evolving
Australian Visual Landscape.</i> Retrieved September 7, 2014, from
http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/63374/2/02main.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">Muthukrishnan, N.
(n.d.). <i>Visual Pollution - More Dangerous than You Think It Is</i>.
Retrieved September 7, 2014, from C.P.R ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CENTRE:
http://cpreec.org/161.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">Watson, L. (2013,
February 7). <i>Striking rubbish collectors cause a stink in Seville by
letting 6,000 tons of waste pile up on the city's streets</i>. Retrieved
September 7, 2014, from CapitalBay:
http://www.capitalbay.com/uk/305832-striking-rubbish-collectors-cause-a-stink-in-seville-by-letting-6-000-tons-of-waste-pile-up-on-the-city-s-streets.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">Zhu, C. (2012,
September 10). <i>China pushes wind power, but no quick payoff for producers</i>.
Retrieved September 7, 2014, from Reuters France:
http://reuters.fr/article/newsOne/idUKBRE8880J720120910<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt docparttype="Bibliographies" docpartunique="t" id="641626556" sdtdocpart="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7964202016153241305.post-50135112925128486082014-09-05T08:22:00.001-07:002014-09-05T08:22:43.279-07:00Is the water "polluted"?<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Today, I
will be looking into a study on water pollution. What are the sources of water
pollution? What are the indicators to define how “polluted” is the water?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
River Sabarmati is one of the biggest and major river of
Gujarat that runs through two major cities of Gujarat (a state in the western
part of India)<span style="background: white; color: #006621; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Lod14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Lodrick, 2014)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></span>, Gandhinagar
and Ahmedabad and finally meets the Gulf of Khambhat (GoK) in the Arabian Sea. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gujarat is one of the highly industrialized states of India
with a strong web of pharmaceutical, petrochemical, textile, automotive,
energy, chemical, and other industries. Many of these industries release
partially or untreated effluents to the adjoining rivers like the Sabarmati. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdBZf6Cm6cjhpTinP0VBe57LI7Ts0BWo_wkjfuP1jVzxpSq2ES190AzUsFfiv_yw9hQA6jLG93WH53KgNry-ZDhkTs2urKPyu4OTBAGUUv9qpwlvbFIl3IvvKTWdVJ9QTgU0LzC34jFB-2/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdBZf6Cm6cjhpTinP0VBe57LI7Ts0BWo_wkjfuP1jVzxpSq2ES190AzUsFfiv_yw9hQA6jLG93WH53KgNry-ZDhkTs2urKPyu4OTBAGUUv9qpwlvbFIl3IvvKTWdVJ9QTgU0LzC34jFB-2/s1600/1.jpg" height="400" width="246" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->1<!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--> Location of River Sabarmati<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Source: (Google Map)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The study of this paper was conducted to evaluate the
water quality of this river, as it could possibly be one of the major sources
for filling up Kalpasar, the proposed man-made freshwater reservoir supposed to
be the biggest one in the world. The Kalpasar would be supplying water for
irrigation to 10.54 lakh hectare land in 39 talukas of 6 districts of
Saurashtra region; hence the water quality of upstream has the impact on it. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There were total of 9 sampling stations covering 163 km
stretch of the river from upstream of Gandhinagar city to Vataman near
Sabarmati estuary.<w:sdt citation="t" id="1630586372"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> CITATION Hal13 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US"> (Haldar, et al., 2013)</span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJlsB6y1q5n3fIXCH_HIzHjJotCakusGtUwnSax6atYV3WdQo1j2KAEWBAMqBRgHYQKuAIsZJ4RK-mem9YLpHY71RvXW7GtY5lJdiFjwJ8xuEUpWICB_oa47rkCOTPvYiWme0tyFncQMAQ/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJlsB6y1q5n3fIXCH_HIzHjJotCakusGtUwnSax6atYV3WdQo1j2KAEWBAMqBRgHYQKuAIsZJ4RK-mem9YLpHY71RvXW7GtY5lJdiFjwJ8xuEUpWICB_oa47rkCOTPvYiWme0tyFncQMAQ/s1600/2.png" height="291" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="tab-stops: 177.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">2</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> Nine Sampling Points of the
Study<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="785394544"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=EN-US>CITATION Hal13 \l 1033 </span></span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Haldar, et al., 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoCaption" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr style="height: 18.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid #DCDCDA 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; padding: 9.0pt 12.75pt 9.0pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #DCDCDA 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; padding: 9.0pt 12.75pt 9.0pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #DCDCDA 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; padding: 9.0pt 12.75pt 9.0pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #DCDCDA 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; padding: 9.0pt 12.75pt 9.0pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #DCDCDA 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; padding: 9.0pt 12.75pt 9.0pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #DCDCDA 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; padding: 9.0pt 12.75pt 9.0pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #DCDCDA 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; padding: 9.0pt 12.75pt 9.0pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #DCDCDA 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; padding: 9.0pt 12.75pt 9.0pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #DCDCDA 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S8</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #DCDCDA 1.0pt; height: 18.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DCDCDA .75pt; padding: 9.0pt 12.75pt 9.0pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water temp (°C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Turbidity (NTU)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.61<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">41.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">141<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">248<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">55.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">74.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TSS (mg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">118<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">196<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">58<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DO (mg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ND<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ND<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ND<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ND<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BOD (mg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.58<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">191.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">42.61<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">45.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Phenol (μg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">56.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">166.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">70.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">95.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">136.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">250.25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">57.75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PHC (mg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">235.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">253.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">277.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TDS (ppt)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chloride (g/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.07<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.41<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salinity (‰)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.67<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NO<sub>2</sub>(mg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NO<sub>3</sub>(mg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.046<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.035<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TN (mg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NH<sub>4</sub>(mg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.67<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TP (mg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.71<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.57<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 55.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="74">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PO<sub>4</sub>(mg/L)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 41.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.07<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #DADBDB 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #DADBDB .75pt; padding: 5.25pt 12.75pt 5.25pt 12.75pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; page-break-after: avoid; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Table </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Table \* ARABIC <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">1</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> Tested Result for Different
Water Parameters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Source:<w:sdt citation="t" id="29311762"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <span lang=EN-US>CITATION
Hal13 \l 1033 </span></span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US">(Haldar, et al., 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some of the water parameters discussed:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Dissolved oxygen (DO): DO is the dissolved
oxygen which aquatic life breath in. </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="-1380547845" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US">(Kwok, 2011)</span></w:sdt></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span>The higher level of DO at S1 to S4 indicated the
high re-aeration rate and rapid aerobic oxidation of biological substances. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span>DO was undetectable in water samples of stations
S5 to S7 and S9, indicating that water quality at these stations was not
suitable for drinking, outdoor bathing and propagation of wild life according
to the classification of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)<w:sdt citation="t" id="222947202"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> CITATION
Ann14 \l 1033 </span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US"> (Annexure I Water Quality Criteria (CPCB) )</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) also
performed DO analysis at Sabarmati River and they reported the depletion of DO
in the downstream of the river associated with the increase in pollution. <w:sdt citation="t" id="-945842491"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Hal13 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Haldar, et al., 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> DO is an indicator
of pollution because the degradation of organic pollutants decrease the level
of DO. <w:sdt citation="t" id="-1398431753"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Shi14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Shifflett)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<o:p>2. </o:p><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): BOD measures
the amount of oxygen required or consumed for the microbiological decomposition
(oxidation) of organic material in water. </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="-65648101" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US">(BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN
WATER BODIES)</span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<w:sdt citation="t" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span>Acceptable BOD values (<3 mg/l in Indian
standard) were observed at stations S1, S2, S3, S4, and S8. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span>Significant high values of 191 mg/l BOD were
recorded at station S5, followed by 45.8 and 42.6 mg/l at stations S7 and S6,
respectively. The possible reason behind the high BOD is mixing of wastewater
from the discharge of effluents from city/towns and industries. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
A trend of slight decrease in BOD was observed
in the downstream sites, which might be due to the dilution of river water with
seawater during high tide. Comparatively, lower BOD values at upstream sampling
stations (S1 to S4) than downstream sites clearly suggested the anthropogenic
stress over Sabarmati River from Ahmedabad to Vataman. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
BOD and DO have significant relationship
and directly indicate load of organic pollutants in surface waters. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> 3. Total and differential bacterial load: Bacterial
such as </span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">Vibrio</i><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">, coliforms and </span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">Streptococcus</i><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> were measured in
the study. These organisms pose human
health hazards. </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="1382284459" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US">(Palaniappan, et al., 2010)</span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span>Sampling stations S1 to S4 showed very low total
as well as differential bacterial counts. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span>However, there was a drastic increase in total
as well as differential bacterial counts at stations S5 and S6 and same trend
was noticed for other three downstream stations. <w:sdt citation="t" id="776600770"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span
lang=EN-US>CITATION Hal13 \l 1033 </span></span><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Haldar, et al.,
2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsNs-Pi3gx4LEdpWa4rlzYMk9vfAo4b17oSRNNhKs1udB3Ch7b-Zx4O2wKLpXynYcjK9cZykLdSX7uLzbdCkMhVxv5zGC4aLKndOc9-u1Z-tpDGnZY84sLzLy8_GzXNWe6UJY7IGaF8aak/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsNs-Pi3gx4LEdpWa4rlzYMk9vfAo4b17oSRNNhKs1udB3Ch7b-Zx4O2wKLpXynYcjK9cZykLdSX7uLzbdCkMhVxv5zGC4aLKndOc9-u1Z-tpDGnZY84sLzLy8_GzXNWe6UJY7IGaF8aak/s1600/3.png" height="341" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Table <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Table \* ARABIC <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--> Comparison of Test Result to
Different Standards and Rivers (only part of the results are shown)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="175621960"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=EN-US>CITATION Hal13 \l 1033 </span></span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Haldar, et al., 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In conclusion, several small and medium-scale industrial
estates located nearby the river catchment area are contributing towards the
river water pollution. Average concentrations of various components in the
Sabarmati River water were comparatively higher than those in different rivers.
The data revealed that water at the downstream of the river is not fit for any
domestic application. The paper discussed and proved the tremendous influence
of anthropogenic activities in the Sabarmati River.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this study, we could notice the different water
parameters were tested and analysed because they are important living condition
to aquatic life and human health. There were also correlation between the different
water parameters such as the relationship between DO and BOD. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The difference of parameter between different sampling
points could be explained by the nearby land use of the sampling points. To
determine how “polluted” was the river, the study was compared the different
parameters with the standards limit of India and other rivers in the world.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Works Cited</span><o:p></o:p><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Annexure I Water Quality Criteria (CPCB) .</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> (n.d.). Retrieved 31 August, 2014, from Maharashtra
Pollution Control Board:
http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/WaterQuality0709/AnnexureI_WQ.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN WATER BODIES.</span></i><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> (n.d.). Retrieved 31 August, 2014, from United
Nations:
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/freshwater/biochemical_oxygen_demand.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Haldar, S., Mandal, S. K., Thorat, R. B., Goel, S.,
Baxi, K. D., Parmer, N. P., et al. (6 December, 2013). Water pollution of
Sabarmati River—a Harbinger to potential disaster. India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Kwok, C. (2011). <i>Your First Guide to Water Quality
Monitoring in Singapore.</i> Retrieved 31 August, 2014, from ABC Waters
Learning Trails: http://www.abcwaterslearningtrails.sg/web/files/PUB_WQM.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Lodrick, D. O. (5 May, 2014). <i>Gujarat</i>.
Retrieved 31 August, 2014, from Encyclopedia Britannica Logo:
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249059/Gujarat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Palaniappan, M., Gleick, P. H., Allen, L., Cohen, M.
J., Christian-Smith, J., Smith, C., et al. (March, 2010). <i>Clearing the
Waters A focus on water quality solutions.</i> Retrieved 31 August, 2014, from
United Nations Environment Programme:
http://www.unep.org/PDF/Clearing_the_Waters.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Shifflett, S. D. (n.d.). <i>Water Quality Indicators:
Dissolved Oxygen</i>. Retrieved 31 August, 2014, from Water and
Sustainability: http://www.unc.edu/~shashi/TablePages/dissolvedoxygen.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<w:sdt docparttype="Bibliographies" docpartunique="t" id="-1911847058" sdtdocpart="t">
</w:sdt></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7964202016153241305.post-11598392206946106032014-08-29T07:30:00.000-07:002014-08-29T07:30:23.241-07:00Singapore River- The Past and Present<div class="MsoNormal">
Singapore
has undergone a big transformation from pre-independence to modern day in the
aspects of economy, social and environment. In achieving the vision to
transform Singapore to city in a garden, Singapore has been dealing with its
pollution issues including the cleaning up of Singapore River.</div>
<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNsrz8dSK8YXpZBp3gN9X0eadktgxeNYIWQQ-EiLk_oTSYbv1oP0ALKJloj9VZF3VTGQbR9EOwqbXYhhDFkI0MvNcPv1tyf4ERnM7kp23SRRMObpoFegVYZ3WdFyO6vx7vQXruoM_Dgs1H/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNsrz8dSK8YXpZBp3gN9X0eadktgxeNYIWQQ-EiLk_oTSYbv1oP0ALKJloj9VZF3VTGQbR9EOwqbXYhhDFkI0MvNcPv1tyf4ERnM7kp23SRRMObpoFegVYZ3WdFyO6vx7vQXruoM_Dgs1H/s1600/1.jpg" height="245" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">1</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> Illustration of city in a
garden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Source: </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="1779142619"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION NgL13 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Ng, 2013)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In 1819,
Sir Stamford Raffles established Singapore as the first free port in the
region, Raffles succeeded in attracting merchant ships from all around the
world. Since merchandise from these ships had to pass through the Singapore
River enroute to the godowns and shophouses, the river became a focal point of
trading activities. Immigrants from countries such as India and China also
settled in the vicinity of the river, resulting in the rapid but unplanned
growth of a town along the river. <w:sdt citation="t" id="1916583898"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION SIN14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(SINGAPORE RIVER TRAIL)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The rivers'
pollution had grown as for decades, the river residents had lived in unsewered
premises and disposed their farm wastes into the river. These included families
living on bum boats, hawkers, squatters, pig farms and duck farms. <w:sdt citation="t" id="1225950918"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Thu14 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Thulaja)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> Once teeming with a
variety of underwater life, pollutants caused by human activity turned the
river into a flowing wasteland devoid of oxygen, resulting in the extinction of
many aquatic creatures by the 1970s.<w:sdt citation="t" id="-1030033233"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> (NEA)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY8NOjbVZYD0MlckHDGEFT9NHTnI1uLtYrNG_U1wdR8SFzYPlJxLAGJYk4uH0akUZpYu9_lSctoPF-MZkNb91SXUUAX1_w6Y40qMY3bOmOzuE89u45Io7HdVT36Yxm13tQNTaKvpr7dn5T/s1600/2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY8NOjbVZYD0MlckHDGEFT9NHTnI1uLtYrNG_U1wdR8SFzYPlJxLAGJYk4uH0akUZpYu9_lSctoPF-MZkNb91SXUUAX1_w6Y40qMY3bOmOzuE89u45Io7HdVT36Yxm13tQNTaKvpr7dn5T/s1600/2.gif" height="262" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">2</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> The Singapore River as a
dumping ground before clean-up<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Source: </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="1935319464"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Lim02 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Lim & Tay, 2002)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">On 27
February 1977, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew had set the target of a decade for
the Ministry of Environment to clean up Singapore River and Kallang River,
because the government realized that clean environment would attract foreign
investments which boost the economy. <w:sdt citation="t" id="181633432"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(NEA)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The strategy
for clean-up activities was firstly, to stop various activities causing
pollution to the river. Secondly, involving the removal of rubbish debris and
dredging of contaminated material from the riverbed. It also included the
resettlement of industries, farms and squatters to alternative settlement with
proper sanitation and sewer system, which eliminated the source of pollution.<w:sdt citation="t" id="1454675498"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> (NEA)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsGtFSYhr-oE8RmVwSAuJCSAlABZKm6lyXF-kOFHnxGinzdkT2QHBaWvOBWOpMGxV8Ypnmf1LOUNxVYMDQxqEN5rm7yP0Fg7JQrH0KOLYP46jFVGU-eJzskqKTTC8FkCl_pCEl1wbNUfTG/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsGtFSYhr-oE8RmVwSAuJCSAlABZKm6lyXF-kOFHnxGinzdkT2QHBaWvOBWOpMGxV8Ypnmf1LOUNxVYMDQxqEN5rm7yP0Fg7JQrH0KOLYP46jFVGU-eJzskqKTTC8FkCl_pCEl1wbNUfTG/s1600/3.jpg" height="201" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure 3 Clean-up of rubbish
debris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Source: </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="-1606955534"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Sin14 \l
2052 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Singapore River)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Between
1986 and 1990, more than a million fish, including sea bass and red tilapia,
and prawns were released into the river to breed and regenerate life
underwater. <w:sdt citation="t" id="-1479375092"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION
Edi14 \l 2052 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(NEA)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> Several engineering
measures were used to prevent further pollution such as covering drains in
litter-prone areas with slabs, installing vertical gratings at selected outlet
drains leading to main canals and rivers and installing floatbooms across
rivers and canals. A system of stiff fines was also imposed on littering
offenders. The total cost of the river clean-up was S$300 million, excluding
resettlement compensation. <w:sdt citation="t" id="-932742475"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION
Thu14 \l 2052 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(Thulaja)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX7Vh0VlzWMxNbZRbg_taule67SFm8ts09gmjKUWv4H-cxHUXWRUBwDvPiiIGjutRWD3u42nhzrCly7c1Dm9_Kpt-TkEtpfw85fkqnXmYochAT0KqSEJOF9U6B3dYrRveD49pVyXfJXQrW/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX7Vh0VlzWMxNbZRbg_taule67SFm8ts09gmjKUWv4H-cxHUXWRUBwDvPiiIGjutRWD3u42nhzrCly7c1Dm9_Kpt-TkEtpfw85fkqnXmYochAT0KqSEJOF9U6B3dYrRveD49pVyXfJXQrW/s1600/4.png" height="262" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure 4 Before and After of Singapore
River (North Boat Quay)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Source: </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="-759302993"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION PJo14 \l
2052 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: x-small;">(P)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The cost of the decision to transform Singapore River from
the unhygienic and foul river to the vibrant and clean environment is S$300
million. However, it is a good investment because the paybacks are
aesthetically pleasant environment for water activities, tourist attraction,
habitat for aquatic life, improved public health, attraction for foreign
investment and etc. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This illustrates the interaction between environment, social
and economy. Isn’t environmental protection important?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Works Cited</span></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Lim, C., &
Tay, A. (2002, August). <i>The Changing Faces of Singapore</i>. Retrieved
August 24, 2014, from Skyline: http://www.ura.gov.sg/skyline/skyline02/skyline02-04/text/changingfaces2.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">NEA, E. T. (n.d.).
<i>Issue One A Bi-annual NEA Publication envision.</i> Retrieved August 24,
2014, from http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/sei/envision_11jan_issue1.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Ng, L. (2013,
December 11). <i>A City in a Garden</i>. Retrieved August 24, 2014, from Civil
Service College Singapore:
https://www.cscollege.gov.sg/Knowledge/Ethos/World%20Cities%20Summit/Pages/08A%20City%20in%20a%20Garden.aspx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">P, J. (n.d.). <i>Cleaning
Up Of Singapore River 1977-1987.</i> Retrieved August 24, 2014, from
http://pemsea.org/eascongress/international-conference/presentation_t6-1_Jothieswaran.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">Singapore River</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. (n.d.).
Retrieved August 24, 2014, from Robertson Quay:
http://www.robertsonquay.com/singapore-river.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">SINGAPORE RIVER
TRAIL</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2014, from National Heritage Board:
http://www.nhb.gov.sg/NHBPortal/faces/pages_Page_2fb5949f_141c7796dde__7ff2/Page_2fb5949f_141c7796dde__7fe5/Page676153b2_1420c0e6ed4__7fe5?_afrLoop=3079295994496038&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=fkeljr3tg_1#%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dfkeljr3tg_1%26_afrLoop%3D30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<w:sdt docparttype="Bibliographies" docpartunique="t" id="1364784696" sdtdocpart="t">
<!--[if supportFields]><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-SG;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--></w:sdt><br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">Thulaja, N. R.
(n.d.). <i>Clean Rivers Education Programme and Clean River Commemoration</i>.
Retrieved August 24, 2014, from singaporeinfopedia:
http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_398__2008-12-02.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7964202016153241305.post-8431692220183130802014-08-20T02:11:00.000-07:002014-08-20T02:11:23.488-07:00Human Pollution?<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">When we
talk about pollution, we will normally point our fingers to human. Is pollution
always caused by human? <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Generally, pollution
is defined as “the direct or indirect introduction by man into the environment
of substances, organism, genetic material or energy that cause or are likely to
cause hazard to human health, harm to living resources or to ecosystems, or
damage to amenities, or interfere with other legitimate uses of the environment”<w:sdt citation="t" id="-421491562"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> CITATION Law05 \l 1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> (Law of Malta,
2005)<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt>.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is noticed that
different laws or resources have different definitions to pollution. Due to the
different in definitions, the substances or matters to be considered as
pollutants might be different. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For example, the Clean
Air Act defines “air pollutant” as “any air pollution agent or combination of
such agents, including any physical, chemical, biological, radioactive…substance
or matter which is emitted into or otherwise enters the ambient air. Such term
includes any precursors to the formation of any air pollutants…” The
classification of carbon dioxide as air pollutant has a strong debate because
it is the natural composition in atmosphere and it is a necessity to support
plants. Some argued that it causes global warming by trapping heat in the
atmosphere. Eventually, the Supreme Court of US decided that greenhouse gases
fit well within the CAA capacious definition of “air pollutant”. <w:sdt citation="t" id="1418672556"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION MAS07 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(MASSACHUSETTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. ENVIRON-
MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ET AL. , 2007)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In fact,
pollution can be natural or anthropogenic (man-made). A simple example of natural air pollution is
the volcano eruption that releases smoke, ash, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide
and other pollutants.<w:sdt citation="t" id="331726517"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> CITATION Bey13 \l 1033 <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--> (Beychok, 2013)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt> The projected 2010
anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate of 35 gigatons per year is 135 times
greater than the 0.26 gigaton per year preferred estimate for volcanoes. </span><w:sdt citation="t" id="2095508130"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Ger11 \l
1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(Gerlach, 2011)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><w:sdt citation="t"><br /></w:sdt></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA_6JY37BSpfQ57HuVEKVMgt84pshwKOmVRgFqyEccMq1WSVOGEh9fpHqX7szYOtBP9FudrukfpHiBaTDaI60dhWx20Ga_QFtuJUnlPK6Rc1I92BZYOPi_TeU87cWBitIILPwFJkC03jsz/s1600/Volcano.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA_6JY37BSpfQ57HuVEKVMgt84pshwKOmVRgFqyEccMq1WSVOGEh9fpHqX7szYOtBP9FudrukfpHiBaTDaI60dhWx20Ga_QFtuJUnlPK6Rc1I92BZYOPi_TeU87cWBitIILPwFJkC03jsz/s1600/Volcano.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">1</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> Llaima Volcano erupting.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="702130068"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION
NAS14 \l 1033 <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->(NASA)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Undeniably,
human is the main culprit that brings harm to the environment. We have our
basic needs to survive. We need food, clothes and shelter and we acquired these
from the environment. The method we extract these materials, the process to
turn materials to useful form (products), even when we use and dispose these products,
we are causing environmental pollution.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0wtcucMj95vsEkg1sNFzQbav9rrKYg0p7vO2_eDdJjXuzuzClwkKhQaVtVID7xvhTVEG672Gw_L4JRSqAornGw6sQsjlaiSxIwsttStaVn1FWtl_BSlMYz7DuhRBi6Oqpf8N4ebVy2oNg/s1600/product+lc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0wtcucMj95vsEkg1sNFzQbav9rrKYg0p7vO2_eDdJjXuzuzClwkKhQaVtVID7xvhTVEG672Gw_L4JRSqAornGw6sQsjlaiSxIwsttStaVn1FWtl_BSlMYz7DuhRBi6Oqpf8N4ebVy2oNg/s1600/product+lc.jpg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">2</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> Input and output in product
lifecycle<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="-1453387259"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>CITATION Gra14 \l 1033 </span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Granta's Eco Audit
Methodology)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><w:sdt citation="t"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></w:sdt></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In Figure
2, it is noticed that the common by-products in the life cycle of product are
the harmful emissions. The inputs also associate with emissions by burning of
fossil fuel to get energy, manufacture and process of feed stock and drive the
vehicle. Although they are not obviously seen, they are also the contributors of harmful emission. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">However,
does it mean that we should not have these products to fulfill our basic needs
in order to prevent any environmental pollution? If we need them to survive,
what should we do to minimize the impacts to the environment?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPc3CU7u9689BQs9pypixUeAEiJHlM8fWjq4meCx-1eOqWujKT5FLH7rzPI7adRfVDmycffceqYkliZutWGGAtPVgtLSpq0m35dNdncgO5fOdZRxdeAKYMuy5ZDhNe0CFeOZgIm83la04p/s1600/example.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPc3CU7u9689BQs9pypixUeAEiJHlM8fWjq4meCx-1eOqWujKT5FLH7rzPI7adRfVDmycffceqYkliZutWGGAtPVgtLSpq0m35dNdncgO5fOdZRxdeAKYMuy5ZDhNe0CFeOZgIm83la04p/s1600/example.gif" height="400" width="378" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Figure </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">3</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> Example of environmental
impacts minimization</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <w:sdt citation="t" id="-1526003293"><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=EN-US>CITATION Red14 \l 1033 </span></span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Reducing Waste Through
Promoting Product Ecodesign: A Discussion Paper)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<h1>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Works
Cited</span></h1>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">MASSACHUSETTS, ET
AL., PETITIONERS v. ENVIRON- MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ET AL. , No. 05-1120
(SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES April 2, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Beychok, M. (26 April, 2013). <i>Anthropogenic and
natural air pollution emissions</i>. Retrieved 17 August, 2014, from The
Encyclopedia Of Earth: http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/169979/<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Gerlach, T. (2011).
<i>Volcanic Versus Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide.</i> United States: AMERICAN
GEOPHYSICAL UNION.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<i>Granta's Eco Audit Methodology</i>. (n.d.). Retrieved 17 August, 2014, from Granta
Material Intelligence: http://www.grantadesign.com/eco/audit.htm<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Law of Malta.
(2005, December 30). <i>CHAPTER 435 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT.</i> Retrieved
August 17, 2014, from
https://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fvafd.gov.mt%2Ffile.aspx%3Ff%3D814&ei=HE3wU4PBO4zo8AWum4CoDw&usg=AFQjCNH7zjaKRDIjEc68iOe2WeSLyzxQZQ&sig2=P-SX71ZwJNfeDaKphXI7NA&bvm=bv.73231344<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">NASA. (n.d.). <i>Climate
Forcings and Global Warming</i>. Retrieved August 19, 2014, from Earth
Observatory: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--[if supportFields]><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-SG;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><br />
<div class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">Reducing Waste
Through Promoting Product Ecodesign: A Discussion Paper</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">. (n.d.). Retrieved
August 19, 2014, from The Scottich Government:
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/08/18161245/7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09075105654814601394noreply@blogger.com2